high synthesis, in which high emotional values are attached to every concept, however, differentiation stagnates.

![0_image_0.png](0_image_0.png)

Fig.1a. Conceptual-differentiating culture Fig.1b. Emotional-traditional culture
These two solutions of eqs.(1) can be compared to Humboldt"s (1836/1967) characterization of languages and cultures. He contrasted inert objectified "outer form" of words vs. subjective, culturally conditioned, and creative "inner form." Humboldt"s suggestion continues to stir linguists" interest today, yet seem mysterious and not understood scientifically.

This paper analysis suggests the following interpretation of Humboldt"s thoughts in terms of neural mechanisms. His "inner form" corresponds to the integrated, moderately emotional neural dual model (Perlovsky, 2004; 2006c; 2007b; 2009a,b; 2010g). Contents of cognitive models are being developed guided by language models, which accumulate cultural wisdom, Fig. 1a. "Outer form" of language corresponds to inefficient state of neural dual model, in which language models do not guide differentiation of the cognitive ones. This might be due to either too strong or too weak involvement of emotions. If emotional involvement in cognition or language is too weak, learning does not take place because motivation disappears. If emotional involvement is too strong, learning does not take place because old knowledge is perceived as too valuable, and no change is possible. The first case might be characteristic of low-inflected languages, when sound of language changes "too fast," and emotional links between sound and meanings are severed. The second case might be characteristic of "too strongly" inflected languages, in which sound changes "too slowly" and emotions are connected to meanings "too strongly;" this could be a case of Fig. 1b. A brief look at cultures and languages certainly points to many examples of this case: highly inflected languages and correspondingly "traditional" stagnating cultures. Which of these correspond to Fig. 1b and the implied neural mechanisms? What it means quantitatively: "too fast" or "too slow," and which cultures and languages correspond to which case will require further psycholinguistic and anthropological research. 

Preliminary analysis indicates English as a typical language corresponding to Fig. 1a. and Arabic corresponding to Fig. 1b. This corresponds to Humboldtian analysis. The integrated dual 