dissect certain IAPS and IADS keywords which pair 

![0_image_0.png](0_image_0.png)

nouns, nouns and verbs, nouns and adjectives and verbs and adjectives (see examples in chapter III) into ontology class constraints or functions between classes. 

Furthermore, in construction of our own ontology we noticed that taxonomy provided by WordNet is not expressive enough - especially for the purpose of PTSD diagnostics. Concepts represented in stimuli have multiple aspects to different subject who perceive them. Successful description of the meaning of stimuli and their mutual interaction is decisive for the processes of psychotherapy and psychological training. Thus, we had to describe and encode possible functional interactions between ontology concepts. In PTSD therapy of war traumatized patients which represents one of the primary target social groups in our research it is important to specify concepts like *person*, 
family, soldier, civilian, man, woman, *child* and bring them in connection with concrete and specific concepts like army, terrorist, *weapon*, gun, sniper, shell, *explosion,* injury, death, torture, *mutilation* and abstract concepts such as joy, happiness, sorrow, fear, *panic*, etc. In our continuing work with emotional stimuli ontologies we would like to describe knowledge such as: Solider is a member of an army, *Soldier can fire a weapon causing an* injury or death, *Soldiers sometimes terrorize people*, 
Injury or death in most situation cause panic, *In some* cases injury causes mutilation, People can panic, If not in shock *person is in a state of sorrow if is a member of his* family is wounded or killed, *If a person is wounded he* usually feels fear, etc. As can be seen these expressions are not explicit or crisp. This fuzzy knowledge must be adequately described and stored in the knowledge base. However, in our project it is not necessary to model belief, certainty or probability in facts and rules: StimGen application is not designed to help a psychotherapist in his decision-making process, but only in provoking therapeutically appropriate emotional responses from human subjects. Therefore, ontologies are used in a limited scope only to describe general meaning of annotated emotional stimuli, and not the entire expert knowledge about various psychological or mental states and conditions like PTSD. However, the described task of knowledge description is still very large and requires improvements and continuous additions to the developing ontology. 

In our work we used Protégé tool and manually coded ontologies in OWL Web Ontology Language [11]. 

Although RDF (Resource Description Framework) would be sufficient for description of IAPS/IADS keyword concepts and WordNet generated taxonomy, we decided to use OWL rather than RDF because of OWL's greater expressivity. In the initial requirements analysis it was recognized that the ontology will be iteratively improved and it would be wrong to restrict the system from the start with the choice of inherently limited knowledge representation language. Also, the best option was to utilize the same contemporary language during the entire project. This facilitates exchange and reuse of the ontology. A snippet from an ontology based on aggregation of IAPS and IADS keywords which have been transformed into concepts and then mapped onto WordNet synonyms with addition of functional concepts is demonstrated in the figure below. 

![0_image_1.png](0_image_1.png)

The ontology has two main classes: *Stimulus* and DescribingConcept. *Stimulus* has three annotation datatype properties: *arousal* (float), *pleasure* (float) and *resource*
(string) that carry information about the emotional content according to the quantitative-dimensional psychological model and the stimulus resource file. Class DescribingConcept subsumes all concepts derived from IAPS/IADS keywords and WordNet lexical database which are relevant in describing the meaning of stimuli. 

These concepts are ordered by parent/child and other functional relations. Furthermore, there are two main pairs of object properties: hasPrimaryMeaning/isPrimaryMeaningOf and hasSecondaryMeaning/isSecondaryMeaningOf. Each stimulus is required to have some *hasPrimaryMeaning* DescribingConcept, and can have at least one hasSecondaryMeaning DescribingConcept. With this definition it is ensured that each stimulus is paired with at least one concept that describes its meaning. 

## V. Attaching Additional Information

In order to make the most of the process of introducing ontologies for knowledge description in emotional annotated stimuli, in addition to the steps already mentioned we also decided to use the Simple level of 