Kingma, D. and LeCun, Y. (2010). Regularized estimation of image statistics by score matching. In J. Lafferty, C. K. I. Williams, J. Shawe-Taylor, R. Zemel, and A. Culotta, editors, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 23 , pages 1126–1134.
Krizhevsky, A. and Hinton, G. (2009). Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. Technical report, University of Toronto.

Larochelle, H., Erhan, D., Courville, A., Bergstra, J., and Bengio, Y. (2007).

An empirical evaluation of deep architectures on problems with many factors of variation. In Z. Ghahramani, editor, *ICML 2007* , pages 473–480. ACM.

Lee, H., Ekanadham, C., and Ng, A. (2008). Sparse deep belief net model for visual area V2. In *NIPS'07* , pages 873–880. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Lee, H., Grosse, R., Ranganath, R., and Ng, A. Y. (2009). Convolutional deep belief networks for scalable unsupervised learning of hierarchical representations. In L. Bottou and M. Littman, editors, *ICML 2009* . ACM, Montreal
(Qc), Canada.
Olshausen, B. A. and Field, D. J. (1997). Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: a strategy employed by V1? *Vision Research*, 37, 3311–3325.

Ranzato, M., Poultney, C., Chopra, S., and LeCun, Y. (2007). Efficient learning of sparse representations with an energy-based model. In *NIPS'06* .

Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., and Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning representations by back-propagating errors. *Nature*, 323, 533–536.

Vincent, P., Larochelle, H., Bengio, Y., and Manzagol, P.-A. (2008). Extracting and composing robust features with denoising autoencoders. In *ICML 2008* .

Vincent, P., Larochelle, H., Lajoie, I., Bengio, Y., and Manzagol, P.-A. (2010).

Stacked denoising autoencoders: Learning useful representations in a deep network with a local denoising criterion. *JMLR*, 11(3371–3408).

Weston, J., Ratle, F., and Collobert, R. (2008). Deep learning via semisupervised embedding. In W. W. Cohen, A. McCallum, and S. T. Roweis, editors, *ICML 2008* , pages 1168–1175, New York, NY, USA. ACM.

Zeiler, M., Krishnan, D., Taylor, G., and Fergus, R. (2010). Deconvolutional networks. In *Proc. of the 23rd IEEE Computer Scociety Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*.