conversations.from: human
conversations.value: What could be a title for a book about Darwins, Charles, HMS with the genre: Children's Books, Science, Nature & How It Works?
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: A title for this book could be 'Charles Darwin'
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me a description for a book titled Charles Darwin about Darwin's, Prairie, Biodiversity with the genre: Children's Books, Science, Nature & How It Works.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: This thoroughly researched but clinical biography presents the life and theories of one of history's most innovative and influential scientists. the author (Prairie; Biodiversity), a trained scientist, excels when dissecting Darwin's experiments and thought processes, and her analysis is clear and passionate. But elsewhere, the writing becomes labored (e.g., a commentary on the dress code at Cambridge, a convoluted discussion of the scientist's early questionnaires) and distracts from Darwin's groundbreaking work and approach. The volume begins on a strong note with a prologue that connects the challenges of curing the modern common cold and AIDS (due to their evolving nature) with Darwin's theory of natural selection; in this way, the author makes Darwin's work immediately relevant for contemporary readers. She also debunks several popular myths regarding Darwin, including the legend that he formulated his theory of evolution in its entirety during his five-year journey as naturalist aboard the Beagle; in truth he devoted an additional 26 years after his journey to scientific observation before publishing The Origin of Species in 1859. While the text conveys chronological details regarding Darwin's personal life (his wife, children, tragedies and friendships), it rarely captures the relationships or passions of the man, nor the mood of the era. Ages 10-up. </P><P>Copyright 2001 Cahners Business Information, Inc.</P>
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the first five paragraphs for this book.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Charles Darwin
  As is widely known, Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), who was at the time in the Malay Archipelago, proved to be the catalyst for the publication of Origin of Species.[9] Wallace had many of the same intellectual influences as Darwin; in particular, Wallace understood the implications of Malthusian economics for natural populations and had considerable experience in natural systems, especially archipelagoes. In 1858, Wallace sent Darwin his essay entitled "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type," asking him to pass it to Lyell. Just prior to this, Wallace had briefly corresponded with Darwin, and Lyell knew of Wallace's earlier work. Darwin was impressed with Wallace's efforts and passed the paper to Lyell, who showed it to Hooker. All three recognized that Wallace had, more or less, come up with a theory identical to Darwin's natural selection. At the time Darwin was faced with several personal issues, including the death of his son, and Lyell and Hooker took it upon themselves to unveil the Darwin-Wallace evolutionary theory at the Linnean Society in London. Neither Darwin nor Wallace was present at the meeting; although the papers were jointly presented, Lyell and Hooker made sure that the priority of Darwin's ideas was clearly established.
  To Darwin, embryological data unequivocally supported his theory. He devoted most of Chapter 13 in Origin of Species to embryological evidence. There he states,"... the leading facts in embryology... are second in importance to none in natural history... In 1860, he wrote to his American botanical colleague, Asa Gray, "Embryology is to me by far the strongest class of facts in favor of change of forms."[11] Because of the comparative underpinnings of embryology at the time, his embryological discussions were coupled with the discussion of how organisms should be classified. As mentioned above, to Darwin, embryological evidence was critical to understanding common descent. This was particularly true while mechanisms of inheritance remained unknown.
  Some embryological ideas that significantly influenced Darwin came from Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), often credited as the father of embryology.[12] Von Baer had focused on relationships of embryological forms and radically broke from previous theories, including those of Lamarck. Von Baer's ideas have been canonized (for lack of a better word) into "von Baer's laws of embryology," which include the following:
  Von Baer's observations were totally incompatible with Lamarckian theory. In the 1800s, many scientific scholars were dependent upon, and aligned with, various religious establishments. This was perhaps more true in Darwin's England than von Baer's Germany, where such alignments were based on a variety of pragmatic reasons such as financial support, access to libraries, and politics. Thus, finding concrete evidence that refuted the ideas of Lamarck, a transformationist, had significant repercussions for maintaining the role of the "archetype" in a theistic worldview. In essence, contemporary colleagues viewed von Baer's theories as a refutation of evolutionary theories.
  Von Baer and Darwin apparently did not have much direct exchange of ideas, and von Baer's discoveries in embryology appear to have been conveyed by other sources. Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–85), with whom Darwin corresponded, was one of those responsible for importing von Baer's ideas to England. Another influence was likely American scientist Louis Agassiz (1807–73). In a few places in Origin of Species, Darwin discussed embryological data in the context of Agassiz. Darwin states, "The embryo, also, of distinct animals within the same class are often strikingly similar: a better proof of this cannot be given, than a circumstance mentioned by Agassiz, namely, that having forgotten to ticket the embryo of some vertebrate animal, he cannot now tell whether it be that of a mammal, bird, or reptile."[13] This anecdote was published earlier by von Baer and misattributed by Darwin in the first edition to Agassiz. By the third edition of Origin of Species, Darwin had corrected his mistake.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Add another sentence about [10], continued.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Charles Darwin
  As is widely known, Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), who was at the time in the Malay Archipelago, proved to be the catalyst for the publication of Origin of Species. [9] Wallace had many of the same intellectual influences as Darwin; in particular, Wallace understood the implications of Malthusian economics for natural populations and had considerable experience in natural systems, especially archipelagoes. In 1858, Wallace sent Darwin his essay entitled "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type," asking him to pass it to Lyell. Just prior to this, Wallace had briefly corresponded with Darwin, and Lyell knew of Wallace's earlier work. Darwin was impressed with Wallace's efforts and passed the paper to Lyell, who showed it to Hooker. All three recognized that Wallace had, more or less, come up with a theory identical to Darwin's natural selection. At the time Darwin was faced with several personal issues, including the death of his son, and Lyell and Hooker took it upon themselves to unveil the Darwin-Wallace evolutionary theory at the Linnean Society in London. Neither Darwin nor Wallace was present at the meeting; although the papers were jointly presented, Lyell and Hooker made sure that the priority of Darwin's ideas was clearly established. 
  To Darwin, embryological data unequivocally supported his theory. He devoted most of Chapter 13 in Origin of Species to embryological evidence. There he states,"... the leading facts in embryology... are second in importance to none in natural history... "[10] Even after publication, he continued to espouse the importance of developmental data. In 1860, he wrote to his American botanical colleague, Asa Gray, "Embryology is to me by far the strongest class of facts in favor of change of forms. "[11] Because of the comparative underpinnings of embryology at the time, his embryological discussions were coupled with the discussion of how organisms should be classified. As mentioned above, to Darwin, embryological evidence was critical to understanding common descent. This was particularly true while mechanisms of inheritance remained unknown. 
  Some embryological ideas that significantly influenced Darwin came from Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), often credited as the father of embryology. [12] Von Baer had focused on relationships of embryological forms and radically broke from previous theories, including those of Lamarck. Von Baer's ideas have been canonized (for lack of a better word) into "von Baer's laws of embryology," which include the following:
  Von Baer's observations were totally incompatible with Lamarckian theory. In the 1800s, many scientific scholars were dependent upon, and aligned with, various religious establishments. This was perhaps more true in Darwin's England than von Baer's Germany, where such alignments were based on a variety of pragmatic reasons such as financial support, access to libraries, and politics. Thus, finding concrete evidence that refuted the ideas of Lamarck, a transformationist, had significant repercussions for maintaining the role of the "archetype" in a theistic worldview. In essence, contemporary colleagues viewed von Baer's theories as a refutation of evolutionary theories. 
  Von Baer and Darwin apparently did not have much direct exchange of ideas, and von Baer's discoveries in embryology appear to have been conveyed by other sources. Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–85), with whom Darwin corresponded, was one of those responsible for importing von Baer's ideas to England. Another influence was likely American scientist Louis Agassiz (1807–73). In a few places in Origin of Species, Darwin discussed embryological data in the context of Agassiz. Darwin states, "The embryo, also, of distinct animals within the same class are often strikingly similar: a better proof of this cannot be given, than a circumstance mentioned by Agassiz, namely, that having forgotten to ticket the embryo of some vertebrate animal, he cannot now tell whether it be that of a mammal, bird, or reptile. "[13] This anecdote was published earlier by von Baer and misattributed by Darwin in the first edition to Agassiz. By the third edition of Origin of Species, Darwin had corrected his mistake.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me three more paragraphs.. Start with the sentence 'It is impossible to do justice to all of the researchers who worked so diligently on this inherently difficult topic'.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: It is impossible to do justice to all of the researchers who worked so diligently on this inherently difficult topic. My sincere thanks to them for their courage and conviction, and my apologies to those not acknowledged here.
  Both Darwin and Collodi rejected the explanation of a kind of creation that excludes man's self-management. As the Darwinian theory is based on the law of natural selection and on the adaptability of the human being, so is Collodi's creation and modification of his famous puppet, Pinocchio. Both Darwin and Collodi supported the dynamism of casual and continuous variation, with a tendency toward survival. According to both men, and, for that matter, evolutionists in general, all animals descend from a common progenitor. Present differences are due to changes occurring over time: a bird's wing, a horse's hoof, and a man's arm, though differing in shape and function, were formerly structurally identical. That structure was modified according to differences in nourishment, climate, and setting experienced by each being, as well as by adaptability, which influenced the disappearance of certain characteristics and the acquisition of others.[1]
  The essence of Darwin's theory of evolution is the existence of a self-contained system, organized without an external and supreme being or creator, that spontaneously evolves and reproduces. This naturalist philosophy was not entirely new. Similar theories had been advanced by the pre-Socratic philosophers in Ancient Greece, which were embraced by 18th-century figures like Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, whose evolutionism was based on environmental factors. Lamarck's contemporaries and the numerous secret societies of his time, such as the speculative Masonry to which Collodi and Darwin belonged, preserved naturalism.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the last five paragraphs.. Start with the sentence 'Anthony Moss is Associate Professor of Biology in the Department of Biological Sciences at Auburn University'.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Anthony Moss is Associate Professor of Biology in the Department of Biological Sciences at Auburn University. He earned a BA in Cell Biology from Johns Hopkins University and a PhD in Marine Cell Biology and Physiology from Boston University Marine Program. He teaches undergraduate Honors Biology, undergraduate and graduate Cell Biology, Wound Repair, and Light Microscopy. His training was originally in cellular physiology and biochemistry, and he currently studies ctenophore and jellyfish structure and function, as well as the marine microbes associated with jellyfish.
  Kelly A. Schmidtke has worked as an instructor and/or researcher in at various institutions in the USA and UK, with economic, philosophy, psychology, and veterinary departments. She earned a BA from the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities and an MS and PhD from Auburn University. Her teaching and research interests include animal models of human behavior and evolutionary psychology.
  Giovanna Summerfield is Associate Dean for Educational Affairs for the Auburn University College of Liberal Arts. She is also an associate professor in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at Auburn University. She received a BA in Government and Politics from the University of Maryland, College Park, and a PhD in Romance Languages and Literatures from the University of Florida. She teaches Italian and French at the undergraduate and graduate level. Her research and teaching interests focus on the long 18th-century (1660–1830) French and Italian literature (emphasis on Sicilian writers), religious and philosophical movements, women's studies, and material culture. She is also a published poet and short-story writer.
  Anthony A. Wright has taught since 1982 at the University of Texas Medical School as a Professor in the Neurobiology and Anatomy department. He earned a BA in Psychology from Stanford University and an MA and PhD in Psychology from Columbia University. He and collaborators have compared list memory processing, visual working memory, and relational versus item-specific learning in pigeons, capuchin monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and humans including patient groups. His work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.
  On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection vii, viii, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , –, , ,
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the first five paragraphs for this book.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Charles Darwin
  Loudon, J. C. (conductor), Gardeners' Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, London)
  Mandell, Gerald L., John E. Bennett and Raphael Dolin (editors) Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Churchill Livingstone, London and New York, 2000)
  Marshall, Barry, 13 February 2009. 'What I Know and What I Think I Know'. <http://barryjmarshall.blogspot.com/2009/02/darwins-illness-washelicobacter-pylori.html>
  Martineau, James, A Seat of Authority in Religion, in James Martineau: Selections, edited by Alfred Hall. 1950 (Lindsey Press, London, 1890)
  Matthew, H. C. G., and Brian Harrison (editors) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004)
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me five more paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Moore, James, 'Darwin of Down: the Evolutionist as Squarson-naturalist', in The Darwinian Heritage, edited by David Kohn (Princeton University Press in association with Nova Pacifica, Princeton, NJ, 1985)
  Murphy, Martin, Blanco White: Self-banished Spaniard (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989)
  Nietzsche, Friedrich, Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für alle und keinen, IV Die Begrussung (Alfred Krõner, Stuttgart, 1926)
  Nietzsche, Friedrich, The Will to Power in Science, Nature, Society and Art (Random House, New York, 1968)
  Paley, W., Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature; Bridgewater Treatises (R. Faulder, London, 1803, reissued by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009)
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the last five paragraphs.. Start with the sentence 'United Services Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, 1831 Part II, pp'.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: United Services Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, 1831 Part II, pp.457–66, and 1831 Part III, pp.65–76 (Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, London, kindly supplied by the British Library)
  Wallace, Alfred Russel, (first published in 1905). My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions (Elibron Classics, New York, 2005)
  Wollaston, T. Vernon, On the Variation of Species, with Special Reference to the Insecta; followed by an Enquiry into the Nature of Genera (John Van Voorst, London, 1856)
  Wells W. C., 'Two Essays: One Upon Single Vision with Two Eyes; the Other on Dew' (Constable, London, 1818)
  Richard Dawkins presents 'The Genius of ', 'The Enemies of Reason', and 'Root of all Evil?', c. IWC Media Ltd, Channel 4 DVD, 2007, 2008.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the first five paragraphs for the book.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Charles Darwin
  AGASSIZ, Louis (1807-1873), naturaliste américain d'origine suisse, un des premiers à avoir étudié les glaciations.
  BABINGTON, Charles C. (1808-1895), botaniste britannique. Professeur de botanique à Cambridge (successeur de Henslow).
  BROWN, Robert (1773-1858), botaniste britannique. Si son nom reste attaché au mouvement désordonné des particules dans un liquide, il est aussi connu pour avoir découvert le noyau des cellules végétales ainsi que pour son étude de la flore de l'Australie.
  CANDOLLE, Augustin Pyramus (1778-1841), botaniste genevois, l'un des créateurs de la géographie botanique, père d'Alphone DE CANDOLLE (1806-1893), lui aussi botaniste.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Add another sentence about BLYTH, Edward, Museum.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Charles Darwin
  AGASSIZ, Louis (1807-1873), naturaliste américain d'origine suisse, un des premiers à avoir étudié les glaciations. 
  BABINGTON, Charles C. (1808-1895), botaniste britannique. Professeur de botanique à Cambridge (successeur de Henslow). 
  BLYTH, Edward (1810-1873), zoologiste britannique, conservateur au Museum of Asiatic Society à Calcutta. 
  BROWN, Robert (1773-1858), botaniste britannique. Si son nom reste attaché au mouvement désordonné des particules dans un liquide, il est aussi connu pour avoir découvert le noyau des cellules végétales ainsi que pour son étude de la flore de l'Australie. 
  CANDOLLE, Augustin Pyramus (1778-1841), botaniste genevois, l'un des créateurs de la géographie botanique, père d'Alphone DE CANDOLLE (1806-1893), lui aussi botaniste.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me three more paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: HUBER, François (1750-1831), naturaliste genevois, connu pour ses observations sur le comportement des abeilles ; père de Pierre HUBER (1779-1840), qui réalise des travaux analogues sur les fourmis.
  HUXLEY, Thomas (1825-1895), homme de science. Préoccupé par les questions d'éducation. Spécialiste d'anatomie comparée, il se fait le champion du darwinisme. Grand-père du biologiste Julian HUXLEY (1887-1975) et du romancier Aldous HUXLEY (1894-1963).
  JUSSIEU, Antoine Laurent DE (1748-1836), botaniste français, l'un des créateurs de la « classification naturelle » des végétaux.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the last five paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: WALLACE, Alfred Russell (1823-1913), naturaliste voyageur britannique, l'un des fondateurs de la zoogéographie. Sa rencontre intellectuelle avec Darwin est aussi intéressante que leurs différences d'approche.
  WATERHOUSE, George Robert (1810-1888), naturaliste britannique, spécialiste des mammifères et des insectes.
  WATSON, Hewett C. (1804-1881), botaniste britannique, pionnier de la géographie botanique en Grande-Bretagne.
  WOLLASTON, Thomas Vernon (1822-1878), naturaliste britannique. Sa santé l'obligeant à séjourner l'hiver à Madère et dans d'autres îles de l'Atlantique, il en étudie la faune, et en particulier les coléoptères.
  WOODWARD, Samuel Pickworth (1821-1865), zoologiste britannique spécialiste des mollusques au British Museum.