conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me a description for a book titled Digital Design and Computer Architecture about Stanford, David, Money with the genre: Computers & Technology, Hardware & DIY.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: David Money the author is an associate professor of engineering at Harvey Mudd College. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University and his M.Eng. in electrical engineering and computer science from MIT. Before attending Stanford, he worked at Intel as a logic and circuit designer on the Itanium and Pentium II processors. Since then, he has consulted at Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Evans & Sutherland, and other design companies.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Reverse the sentences.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Since then, he has consulted at Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Evans & Sutherland, and other design companies.. Before attending Stanford, he worked at Intel as a logic and circuit designer on the Itanium and Pentium II processors. in electrical engineering and computer science from MIT.Eng. in electrical engineering from Stanford University and his M.D. He received his Ph.David Money the author is an associate professor of engineering at Harvey Mudd College
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the first five paragraphs for the book.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Digital Design and Computer Architecture
  The SPEC CINT2006 benchmark from the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation is composed of real programs, including h264ref (video compression), sjeng (an artificial intelligence chess player), hmmer (protein sequence analysis), and gcc (a C compiler). The benchmark is widely used for high-performance processors because it stresses the entire CPU in a representative way.
  We first design a microarchitecture that executes instructions in a single cycle. We begin constructing the datapath by connecting the state elements from Figure 7.1 with combinational logic that can execute the various instructions. Control signals determine which specific instruction is performed by the datapath at any given time. The control unit contains combinational logic that generates the appropriate control signals based on the current instruction. We conclude by analyzing the performance of the single-cycle processor.
  This section gradually develops the single-cycle datapath, adding one piece at a time to the state elements from Figure 7.1. The new connections are emphasized in black (or blue, for new control signals), whereas the hardware that has already been studied is shown in gray. The status register is part of the controller and will be omitted while we focus on the datapath.
  The processor's actions depend on the specific instruction that was fetched. First, we will work out the datapath connections for the LDR instruction with positive immediate offset. Then, we will consider how to generalize the datapath to handle other instructions.
  Next, let us extend the datapath to also handle the STR instruction. Like LDR, STR reads a base address from port 1 of the register file and zero-extends the immediate. The ALU adds the base address to the immediate to find the memory address. All of these functions are already supported in the datapath.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me four more paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Baud rate gives the signaling rate, measured in symbols per second, whereas bit rate gives the data rate, measured in bits per second. The signaling we've discussed in this text is 2-level signaling, where each symbol represents a bit. However, multi-level signaling can send multiple bits per symbol; for example, 4-level signaling sends two bits per symbol. In that case, the bit rate is twice the baud rate. In a simple system like SPI where each symbol is a bit and each symbol represents data, the baud rate is equal to the bit rate. UARTs and some other signaling conventions require overhead bits in addition to the data. For example, a two-level signaling system that adds start and stop bits for each 8 bits of data and operates at a baud rate of 9600 has a bit rate of (9600 symbols/second)×(8 bits/10 symbols) = 7680 bits/second = 960 characters/second.
  A common choice is 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit, making a total of 10 symbols to convey an 8-bit character of information. Hence, signaling rates are referred to in units of baud rather than bits/sec. For example, 9600 baud indicates 9600 symbols/sec, or 960 characters/sec,. Both systems must be configured for the appropriate baud rate and number of data, parity, and stop bits or the data will be garbled. This is a hassle, especially for nontechnical users, which is one of the reasons that the Universal Serial Bus (USB) has replaced UARTs in personal computer systems.
  Typical baud rates include 300, 1200, 2400, 9600, 14400, 19200, 38400, 57600, and 115200. The lower rates were used in the 1970's and 1980's for modems that sent data over the phone lines as a series of tones. In contemporary systems, 9600 and 115200 are two of the most common baud rates; 9600 is encountered where speed doesn't matter, and 115200 is the fastest standard rate, though still slow compared to other modern serial I/O standards.
  In the 1950s through 1970s, early hackers calling themselves phone phreaks learned to control the phone company switches by whistling appropriate tones. A 2600 Hz tone produced by a toy whistle from a Cap'n Crunch cereal box e9.12 could be exploited to place free long-distance and international calls.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Delete the last sentence.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Baud rate gives the signaling rate, measured in symbols per second, whereas bit rate gives the data rate, measured in bits per second. The signaling we've discussed in this text is 2-level signaling, where each symbol represents a bit. However, multi-level signaling can send multiple bits per symbol; for example, 4-level signaling sends two bits per symbol. In that case, the bit rate is twice the baud rate. In a simple system like SPI where each symbol is a bit and each symbol represents data, the baud rate is equal to the bit rate. UARTs and some other signaling conventions require overhead bits in addition to the data. For example, a two-level signaling system that adds start and stop bits for each 8 bits of data and operates at a baud rate of 9600 has a bit rate of (9600 symbols/second)×(8 bits/10 symbols) = 7680 bits/second = 960 characters/second.
  A common choice is 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit, making a total of 10 symbols to convey an 8-bit character of information. Hence, signaling rates are referred to in units of baud rather than bits/sec. For example, 9600 baud indicates 9600 symbols/sec, or 960 characters/sec,. Both systems must be configured for the appropriate baud rate and number of data, parity, and stop bits or the data will be garbled. This is a hassle, especially for nontechnical users, which is one of the reasons that the Universal Serial Bus (USB) has replaced UARTs in personal computer systems.
  Typical baud rates include 300, 1200, 2400, 9600, 14400, 19200, 38400, 57600, and 115200. The lower rates were used in the 1970's and 1980's for modems that sent data over the phone lines as a series of tones. In contemporary systems, 9600 and 115200 are two of the most common baud rates; 9600 is encountered where speed doesn't matter, and 115200 is the fastest standard rate, though still slow compared to other modern serial I/O standards.
  In the 1950s through 1970s, early hackers calling themselves phone phreaks learned to control the phone company switches by whistling appropriate tones. A 2600 Hz tone produced by a toy whistle from a Cap'n Crunch cereal box e9.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the last five paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Programs that need numeric arguments may convert the string arguments to numbers using the functions in stdlib.h.
  As with any programming language, you are almost certain to make errors while you write nontrivial C programs. Below are descriptions of some common mistakes made when programming in C. Some of these errors are particularly troubling because they compile but do not function as the programmer intended.
  A common beginner error is to write an entire program (usually with little modularity) and expect it to work perfectly the first time. For non-trivial programs, writing modular code and testing the individual functions along the way are essential. Debugging becomes exponentially harder and more time-consuming with complexity.
  Another common error is lacking expectations. When this happens, the programmer can only verify that the code produces a result, not that the result is correct. Testing a program with known inputs and expected results is critical in verifying functionality.
  This appendix has focused on using C on a system such as a personal computer. Chapter 9 (available as a web supplement) describes how C is used to program an ARM-based Raspberry Pi computer that can be used in embedded systems. Microcontrollers are usually programmed in C because the language provides nearly as much low-level control of the hardware as assembly language, yet is much more succinct and faster to write.