conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me a description for a book titled The Sun about SOHO, Photo, Solar with the genre: Science & Math, Astronomy & Space Science.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Photo researcher and sun-watcher the author has been a media specialist for the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission since 1996. He is probably more familiar with the images from SOHO and other recent solar missions than anyone else on the planet. the author lives in Maryland.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the first five paragraphs for this book.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: The Sun
  Our awareness of space weather began well before the space age. Perhaps the earliest hint of extraterrestrial disturbance came from unusual disturbance of compass needles at times of exceptional auroras. By 1634 it was known that the Earth's magnetic declination - the difference between true and magnetic north - varied, and by the 1740s Anders Celsius in Uppsala had drawn a connection between some of the changes and auroral activity. That it was a global effect was confirmed when disturbances were found to affect compass needles simultaneously in London and Uppsala.
  These disturbances came to be known as magnetic storms because they resembled the effect of local lightning. In order to pursue the matter the explorer Alexander von Humboldt set up 'magnetic observatories' in France, Germany and Russia. In 1851 he publicized Schwabe's sunspot cycle in his Kosmos, a five- volume review of the state of science. 2 A year later Edward Sabine, Director of the British Colonial Observatories, reported that there was a correlation between the 1843-1848 sunspot sequence and the incidence of magnetic storms. The case was sufficiently persuasive for staff at the Greenwich Observatory in London in 1879 to forecast the next spell of magnetic storms at sunspot maximum.
  For the next 50 years the role of the Sun as the fundamental cause of magnetic storms remained in dispute, and it took another half century for the association between large solar flares and severe storms to become clear. 3 This is understandable. Besides the need for adequate observational data, and therefore several decades of record, the physics had to progress beyond crude association, and much remained to be discovered about the various sources of geomagnetic storms on the Sun and the complications introduced by variations in the Earth's field. The solar flare recorded in 1859 by Richard Carrington was followed 17 h later by unusually intense magnetic storms and auroras. No one appears to have read any significance in the delay except perhaps as evidence that the two events were unrelated. Although it was suggested as early as 1930 that magnetic storms represented plasma ejected by the Sun, the physical fact of mass ejections remained difficult to grasp without adequate imagery and the continuous, unobstructed observation provided by artificial satellites.
  Even then the evidence is largely circumstantial, and the Sun must be considered innocent of causing the turmoil until demonstrably guilty: other unusual suspects include stars in their death throes, within our galaxy or in a distant one, capable of accelerating particles to the status of GCRs.
  As it happens, there long prevailed a distinct reluctance to indict the Sun even when, as the Director of Kew Observatory put it, in 1859 'our luminary [was]... taken in the act' of producing a magnetic response. 4 Its earliest manifestations went unrecognised partly because interplanetary space was considered a vacuum incapable of transmitting energy. Now there are flotillas of spacecraft, and countless bugging devices hoping to document, and thus perhaps predict, mishaps and disasters; and space is seen to be awash with plasma.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Delete the last sentence.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: The Sun
  Our awareness of space weather began well before the space age. Perhaps the earliest hint of extraterrestrial disturbance came from unusual disturbance of compass needles at times of exceptional auroras. By 1634 it was known that the Earth's magnetic declination - the difference between true and magnetic north - varied, and by the 1740s Anders Celsius in Uppsala had drawn a connection between some of the changes and auroral activity. That it was a global effect was confirmed when disturbances were found to affect compass needles simultaneously in London and Uppsala.
  These disturbances came to be known as magnetic storms because they resembled the effect of local lightning. In order to pursue the matter the explorer Alexander von Humboldt set up 'magnetic observatories' in France, Germany and Russia. In 1851 he publicized Schwabe's sunspot cycle in his Kosmos, a five- volume review of the state of science. 2 A year later Edward Sabine, Director of the British Colonial Observatories, reported that there was a correlation between the 1843-1848 sunspot sequence and the incidence of magnetic storms. The case was sufficiently persuasive for staff at the Greenwich Observatory in London in 1879 to forecast the next spell of magnetic storms at sunspot maximum.
  For the next 50 years the role of the Sun as the fundamental cause of magnetic storms remained in dispute, and it took another half century for the association between large solar flares and severe storms to become clear. 3 This is understandable. Besides the need for adequate observational data, and therefore several decades of record, the physics had to progress beyond crude association, and much remained to be discovered about the various sources of geomagnetic storms on the Sun and the complications introduced by variations in the Earth's field. The solar flare recorded in 1859 by Richard Carrington was followed 17 h later by unusually intense magnetic storms and auroras. No one appears to have read any significance in the delay except perhaps as evidence that the two events were unrelated. Although it was suggested as early as 1930 that magnetic storms represented plasma ejected by the Sun, the physical fact of mass ejections remained difficult to grasp without adequate imagery and the continuous, unobstructed observation provided by artificial satellites.
  Even then the evidence is largely circumstantial, and the Sun must be considered innocent of causing the turmoil until demonstrably guilty: other unusual suspects include stars in their death throes, within our galaxy or in a distant one, capable of accelerating particles to the status of GCRs.
  As it happens, there long prevailed a distinct reluctance to indict the Sun even when, as the Director of Kew Observatory put it, in 1859 'our luminary [was]... taken in the act' of producing a magnetic response. 4 Its earliest manifestations went unrecognised partly because interplanetary space was considered a vacuum incapable of transmitting energy.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me another paragraph.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Brack A (2007) Astrobiology: from the origin of life on Earth to life in the Universe. In: Horneck G, Rettberg P (eds) Complete Course in Astrobiology. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 1-22
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Give me the last five paragraphs.. End with the sentence ' Nature 443: 569-573ADS'.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: WHO (2001) Blindness: a global priority for the twenty-first century. Bull World Health Org 79. World Health Organization, Geneva
  Williams GE (1990) Precambrian cyclic rhythmites: solar-climatic or tidal signatures? Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 330: 445-457ADS
  Willson RC, Mordvinov AV (2003) Secular total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21-23. Geophys Res Lett 30: 3, 1-4
  Wolstencroft RD, Raven JA (2002) Photosynthesis-likelihood of occurrence and possibility of detection on Earth-like planets. Icarus 157: 535-548ADS
  Zahradka K et al. (2006) Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans. Nature 443: 569-573ADS