conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Provide a description for a book titled The Origin of the Universe about Francisco with the genre: Science & Math.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Francisco the author, Jr., is one of those, and perhaps the only one in these very difficult times, who with complete sincerity, gladness and joy searches and researches the truth of the truth, the truth of the universe, the truth of creation and the truth of what is the rebirth of man.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Provide the first five paragraphs for this book.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: The Origin of the Universe
  Let us think more about this. What is a straight line? Suppose I want to cut a long straight tunnel through a mountain. How might I determine that the tunnel is straight? I could shine a light beam down one end and see if it is visible at the other. In another example, suppose I want to lay out a series of rocks in a straight line along the ground. How might I do this? As I place each one on the ground, I look down along them from the end and see if they all "line up." These examples clearly assume that light travels in a straight line to the eye. What if the light really travels in a curve? Then the rocks will line up only if they lie along that curve. Similarly my tunnel will be curved if I dig it using a curving light beam as a guide. Furthermore, I will not know it is curved. To me it will look straight!
  This becomes a matter of semantics, as it always does when competing concepts fail to provide an empirical test to choose between them. This is the reason science has found it important always to insist upon operational definitions of concepts, and to conclude that when two concepts lead to the same observations, then the concepts are equivalent.
  What we normally define as a straight line is actually the path followed by a beam of light. What Einstein tells us is that the path will change depending on the presence or absence of matter in the vicinity; whether that path is straight or curved is irrelevant. We have seen that time is what you measure on a clock, and that the distance between two points in space is the time that you measure on a clock for a light ray to go between the points. There is no mention of whether that ray travels a straight or curved path. In General Relativity the path followed by a light ray is called a geodesic, in analogy with the great circles on a sphere that represent the shortest distance between points on the surface.
  As has been said, we cannot claim to have observed a new effect, even when the data are in agreement with the theoretical prediction, until all ordinary explanations are convincingly ruled out. Not until the 1960s were most scientists convinced that the gravitational red shift had indeed been seen, in astronomical observations or in the lab.
  We can understand the gravitational red shift if we return to our earlier discussion of the twin paradox. Recall that we were able to show that an accelerated clock will appear to run slower. In two steps we can demonstrate how the gravitational red shift follows. First, gravity and acceleration are equivalent, so a clock in a gravitational field will appear to run slower. Second, the vibrations of an electromagnetic wave constitute a clock, and so will be shifted down in frequency—in other words toward the red end of the spectrum. To explain further, we have already noted that our standard clock is based on the frequency of the electromagnetic vibrations of the cesium atom. So the frequency of the electromagnetic vibrations that we call light will be reduced in a gravitational field, like any clock. The red end of the spectrum of light is the lower frequency end, so the color of the light is shifted toward the red.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Provide five more paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Parity has been defined as Left-Right or Mirror Symmetry. In beta decay, the mirror image of the process does not occur with the same probability as the process itself, in violation of Left-Right Symmetry. It has been found, however, that reactions will normally occur at the same rate if the mirror image has particles replaced by antiparticles. For example, if the experiment of Wu had been done with anti-cobalt, the mirror image reaction would have been observed at the same rate as the decay of normal cobalt.
  This is the case for beta decay and all other fundamental processes viewed so far, except neutral kaon decay. The violation of CP symmetry in this rare process, of interest only to a few specialists in what most people regard as an esoteric field with little relation to the "real world," proves to be a key to understanding how the universe came to look the way it does. Why does the universe contain a billion times as much matter as antimatter? If CP symmetry had been strictly true in the early stages of the universe, then there would still be equal amounts of matter and antimatter throughout the universe. Life as we know it could never have formed, as enormous nuclear explosions would take place every time an antimeteor hit the earth, or other bits of matter and antimatter collided as the normal course of events.
  The internal dimensions used to describe the symmetries associated with spin, baryon number, and strangeness are very abstract, and theorists reasoned their presence mainly by analogy and mathematical equivalence to space-time symmetries. Once, however, in the early universe, the dimensions of this inner space may have been as real as the familiar three dimensions of the space of our everyday experience—as real, but not as familiar. One possibility, now under intense study, holds that the inner dimensions may have been part of a universe with multiple dimensions (a current favorite is ten) of space-time, all curled up in a ball smaller than an electron. Then four of the dimensions would have spontaneously unfolded into the flat space-time we now experience, with the remaining dimensions still curled up so that they are not evident except in the way they generate conservation principles.
  A more familiar conservation principle, which can also be related to an internal space symmetry, is that of electric charge. When scientists experiment with electricity in the laboratory, they find that total electric charge is conserved in electrical circuits and in chemical, nuclear, and particle reactions. The symmetry that leads to charge conservation is the Gauge Symmetry of Hermann Weyl. Today, Gauge Symmetry is the primary principle leading to progress in the unification of the forces.
  In classical Maxwellian electromagnetism we introduce potentials that have Gauge Symmetry. Changes in the potential consistent with this symmetry lead to the same electric and magnetic fields and thus the same observable results. The simplest example is the voltage between two points, such as the plates of a capacitor. Raising the voltage level of each plate by the same amount results in the same electric field in the space between the plates and the same force on a charged particle in that space.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Swap the first and the last sentence.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Raising the voltage level of each plate by the same amount results in the same electric field in the space between the plates and the same force on a charged particle in that space. In beta decay, the mirror image of the process does not occur with the same probability as the process itself, in violation of Left-Right Symmetry. It has been found, however, that reactions will normally occur at the same rate if the mirror image has particles replaced by antiparticles. For example, if the experiment of Wu had been done with anti-cobalt, the mirror image reaction would have been observed at the same rate as the decay of normal cobalt.
  This is the case for beta decay and all other fundamental processes viewed so far, except neutral kaon decay. The violation of CP symmetry in this rare process, of interest only to a few specialists in what most people regard as an esoteric field with little relation to the "real world," proves to be a key to understanding how the universe came to look the way it does. Why does the universe contain a billion times as much matter as antimatter? If CP symmetry had been strictly true in the early stages of the universe, then there would still be equal amounts of matter and antimatter throughout the universe. Life as we know it could never have formed, as enormous nuclear explosions would take place every time an antimeteor hit the earth, or other bits of matter and antimatter collided as the normal course of events.
  The internal dimensions used to describe the symmetries associated with spin, baryon number, and strangeness are very abstract, and theorists reasoned their presence mainly by analogy and mathematical equivalence to space-time symmetries. Once, however, in the early universe, the dimensions of this inner space may have been as real as the familiar three dimensions of the space of our everyday experience—as real, but not as familiar. One possibility, now under intense study, holds that the inner dimensions may have been part of a universe with multiple dimensions (a current favorite is ten) of space-time, all curled up in a ball smaller than an electron. Then four of the dimensions would have spontaneously unfolded into the flat space-time we now experience, with the remaining dimensions still curled up so that they are not evident except in the way they generate conservation principles.
  A more familiar conservation principle, which can also be related to an internal space symmetry, is that of electric charge. When scientists experiment with electricity in the laboratory, they find that total electric charge is conserved in electrical circuits and in chemical, nuclear, and particle reactions. The symmetry that leads to charge conservation is the Gauge Symmetry of Hermann Weyl. Today, Gauge Symmetry is the primary principle leading to progress in the unification of the forces.
  In classical Maxwellian electromagnetism we introduce potentials that have Gauge Symmetry. Changes in the potential consistent with this symmetry lead to the same electric and magnetic fields and thus the same observable results. The simplest example is the voltage between two points, such as the plates of a capacitor.Parity has been defined as Left-Right or Mirror Symmetry.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Provide the last three paragraphs.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Guth, A., and P. J. Steinhardt. "The Inflationary Universe. 5 (May 1984): 116.
  Pythagorean theorem: for a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
  The conventional unit of distance in astronomy is the parsec, which is equal to 3.26 light-years. The Hubble factor thus is usually given as 50-100 kilometers per second per megaparsec, where a megaparsec is 1 million parsecs.
conversations.from: human
conversations.value: Add another sentence about Scientific, American.
conversations.from: assistant
conversations.value: Guth, A. , and P. J. Steinhardt. "The Inflationary Universe. " Scientific American 250, no. 5 (May 1984): 116. 
  Pythagorean theorem: for a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides. 
  The conventional unit of distance in astronomy is the parsec, which is equal to 3. 26 light-years. The Hubble factor thus is usually given as 50-100 kilometers per second per megaparsec, where a megaparsec is 1 million parsecs.