human
Can you write a poem for me in the style of Willard W. Glazier?
assistant
Sure, here's a poem in the style of Willard W. Glazier:
  Any old pupil of yours, in finishing a work either of classical
Ever affectionately yours,
preceding Age
Parallel of the Augustan Age with other great literary
---- especially with the Age of Louis XIV
Chief conditions modifying the poetry of the Augustan Age
Revival of national sentiment and pride of Empire
Moral and religious reaction
Augustus the centre of the national enthusiasm
Deification of the Emperor in the poetry of the Age
---- illustrated by other extant works of art
Direction given to national sentiment by Augustus
Patrons of literature--Augustus
Personal influence of Maecenas
Causes of the connexion between literature and social
eminence
Effects of this connexion on the tone of literature
Effects of this on the art of these poets
Reaction from the luxury of the Age apparent in literature
Intellectual character of the last years of the
Republic and earlier years of the Empire
Distinction between the earlier and later periods
Appreciation of Greek art and literature in both
Alexandrine influences on the Augustan poetry
Characteristics of the Alexandrine poets
Their treatment of mythological subjects
Scientific and learned character of their poetry
Their treatment of the passion of love
Their treatment of external Nature
Pictorial art of the later Greeks
Superiority of the Augustan to the Alexandrine literature
Friendly relations among the poets of the Augustan Age
Influence of these relations on their art
Hostility of other literary coteries
Effect of the Monarchy on the great forms of prose
literature
Poetry later in feeling the effects of Despotism
The Augustan literature the maturest development of
the national mind
Virgil's pre-eminence acknowledged till recent times
Disparagement of his genius in the present century
Estimate of the Aeneid among the Romans
"               "      during the 'Dark Ages'
"               "      at the revival of letters
"               "      during the 17th and 18th centuries
Virgil's alleged dissatisfaction with the Aeneid
Probable explanation of this
Adverse criticisms in the present century
Causes of these criticisms
Advance in Greek scholarship
Modern interest in remote antiquity
Literary reaction at the end of the 18th century
Virgil a great representative of his country and age
"            "         of the idea of Rome
"            "         of the sentiment of Italy
"            "         of its ethical and religious
sensibility
"            "         of Roman culture and learning
"            "         of Roman art and style
The style of Virgil the maturity preceding decay
Distinction between Greek, Latin, and modern imagination
Vividness and realism of feeling characteristic of the
Latin imagination
Modes in which this vividness and realism are
manifested by Virgil
Direct personal statements of the authors
Indirect self-revelations in their works
Evidence of contemporaries
Works of ancient Grammarians, etc.
Remains of ancient art
Knowledge of Virgil derived from his works
Their value as evidence of facts and character
His birth-place as affecting his genius
His birth-place as affecting his culture
"      "              "    his political feeling
Characteristics of the class from which he sprang
His early years
His studies at Rome
His later life in his native district
Loss of his farm
Publication of the Eclogues and preparation of the Georgics
Testimonies of Horace as to his life during this time
The Georgics composed at Naples
His death and wish to destroy the Aeneid
His personal appearance and habits
Impression of his character derived from Horace
"         "         "          from his own works
His indifference to political freedom
His devotion to his art
Character of the Eclogues indicated by expressions
used in them
Order and time of their composition
Imitative character of the second and third
The fifth founded on the death and apotheosis of
Purely Theocritean character of the seventh
The first and ninth Eclogues
Elements of interest in the sixth
Questions discussed in connexion with that poem
The eighth and tenth Eclogues
Primitive pastoral poem among the Greeks
The 'woes of Daphnis'
The love of the Cyclops for Galatea
Origin of the pastoral dialogue
Artistic form given to these primitive elements by
Difference between the pastoral life of Sicily and
rural life of Italy
representation
Allusive personal references in the Eclogues
Mythological and geographical allusions
The sentiment of Nature in the Eclogues
The love of home and of the land
The passion of love
Style and rhythm of the Eclogues
Their Italian character
Influence of Maecenas on the choice of the subject
Virgil's sympathy with the old class of husbandmen
Character of didactic poetry among the Greeks
New type of didactic poetry introduced by Virgil
Connexion of the subject with national history
Exceptional character of the concluding episode
From Greek and Roman writers on agriculture
Influence of Lucretius on the ideas, method, and style
Virgil's recognition of his relation to Lucretius
Identity of feeling in the two poets
Difference in position and sympathies
Difference between the philosophic poet and poetic artist
earlier poetry
Idea of the struggle of man with Nature in Lucretius
Lesson drawn by him from this idea
Presence of the same idea in other Roman writers
Virgil's sense of the life of Nature derived from
Idea of the struggle with Nature as ordained by
Prominence thus given to the duty of labour
Lesson inculcated in the Georgics
Scientific beliefs of Lucretius as adopted or rejected
Address to Maecenas compared with address to Memmius
Eulogy of Caesar compared with eulogy of Epicurus
Meaning of their Invocation of Supernatural aid
Varieties of religious feeling and belief in the
Religious conceptions embodied in Greek art
Religious elements in Greek speculative philosophy
National religion of Rome
Union of various modes of religious belief in the
Proems to the other Books of the Georgics
Method of science in Lucretius, of art in Virgil
Greater selection and elimination of materials in Virgil
Illustration of Virgil's subject from his sense of beauty
---- from his sense of the life of Nature
---- from his sympathy with the life of animals
---- from his conception of human energy in conflict
with Nature
---- from literary and mythological associations
---- from astronomy, antiquity, religious usages
imaginative analogies
More uniform excellence in diction and rhythm
Virgil more of a conscious artist
The minor episodes in the Georgics
Episodes at the end of Books iii. and iv.
Episode of the omens accompanying the death of Julius
The Georgics an original work of Latin genius
Technical value of the poem as an exposition of
Italian husbandry
Relation of the illustrative matter to the cultivated
Italian mind
Feeling of the dignity of labour an Italian sentiment
Italian feeling and representation of Nature
Italian character of the religious sentiment of the poem
"       "     of its ethical and political sentiment
"       "     of its artistic execution
Distinction between primitive and literary epic
Absence of primitive epics from Roman literature
The Roman epic originates in the imitation of the
Greek epic
New character given to the Roman epic from the
national sentiment and commemorative instinct
---- from admiration of great men
---- from capacity for works of massive execution
National characteristics of the poem of Naevius
Historical substance of the early Roman epic
Representative character of the Annals of Ennius
Later annalistic and panegyrical poems
New type of Roman epic introduced by Varro Atacinus
Type of historical epic rejected in the maturity of
Literary motives of the poem
Motive originating in the state of public feeling
"        "      in the position of Augustus
New problem in literary art presented to Virgil
The Aeneid the epic of the national fortunes
Adaptation of the legend of Romulus to a poem founded
on national sentiment
Deficiency of the legend of Aeneas in national and
human interest
Greek origin of the legend
Its late reception among the Romans
Vague and composite character of the legend
Grounds on which Virgil's choice was justified
Connexion of the legend with the Homeric cycle of events
Its recognition by the State for more than two centuries
Connexion with the glory of the Julian family
Largeness of scope afforded by the vagueness of the legend
Adaptation to a poem representative of Rome in the
Twofold purpose of Virgil in composing the Aeneid
Native and Greek sources employed by him
Prominence given to his double purpose in the
statement of the subject of the poem
This double purpose traced in the details of the action
The Aeneid a new type of epic poetry
Sense of national continuity
Patriotic Italian sentiment
Antagonism to other races
Roman belief in the 'Fortuna Urbis'
Compared with the same idea in Tacitus
Origin and meaning of the Roman idea of Fate
Influence of this idea on the religious motives of the poem
Ethical aspect of religion in the Aeneid
Meaning given by Virgil to his relation to Aeneas
Imaginative and ethical value of the idea on which the
Aeneid is founded
genius
Dignity of the circumstances treated in the poem
Distinction of the actors
Interest to Roman readers of the revival of Homeric life
"        "      "     of the new romance of Italy
Virgil's narrative power
Inferiority to Homer in exhibiting a vivid image of life
"         "    from causes personal to Virgil
"         "    from the character of his Age
Virgil's representation an artistic compromise
Sources of creative power in Virgil's genius
Part played by the Olympian Divinities in the Aeneid
"     by the Powers of the Italian mythology
Survivals of primitive religious worship in the Aeneid
Belief in local deities
Worship of the dead
Virgil's 'Inferno'
His exact acquaintance with religious ceremonial
Sense of majesty attaching to Government
Relation of States to one another
Material civilisation
Social manners
Sea-adventure
Battle-scenes
Appeal to local associations
Weakness of dramatic imagination in Virgil
Conception and delineation of Aeneas
The minor characters of the poem
Characteristics of the speeches in the Aeneid
Descriptive faculty
Illustrative imagery
Rhythm and diction of the poem
Greatness of its style
Quos neque pulcher
Hermogenes unquam legit, neque simius iste
Nil praeter Calvum et doctus cantare Catullum(5).
suffering, and creates in his imagination the ideal of a life of
Hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar
Cum Patribus Populoque, Penatibus et magnis Dis.
Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis,
Victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,
Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento(15),
and inspired the national Odes of Horace.
But, although we cannot ascribe to Virgil and Horace the ignorant
Some further light is thrown on this subject by considering the
Cui male si palpere, recalcitret undique tutus(42).
Dilecti tibi Vergilius Variusque poetae(43).
Cur me querelis, etc.
The sketch of him by Velleius Paterculus presents the view of his
Gallo cuius amor tantum mihi crescit in horas
Quantum vere novo viridis se subicit alnus(48);
Cum referre negas quali sit quisque parente
Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est
Seditio, saevitque animis immobile vulgus(52),
iactantior Ancus
Nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris(53).
Te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae
Nescit tangere; tu frigus amabile
Fessis vomere tauris
Praebes, et pecori vago, etc.(57)
Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes;
Flumina amem silvasque inglorius. O ubi campi
Spercheosque, et virginibus bacchata Lacaenis
Divitiae grandes homini sunt vivere parce
Noctes vigilare serenas,
Quaerentem dictis quibus et quo carmine demum
Clara tuae possim praepandere lumina menti,
Res quibus occultas penitus convisere possis(63);
Nos agere hoc autem et naturam quaerere rerum
Semper et inventam patriis exponere chartis(64).
Though the greatest poets of the Augustan Age drew much of their
Cetera quae vacuas tenuissent carmine mentes, etc.(68)
Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,
Quaeque necet serpens, quae iuvet herba, Macer(70),
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim(72).
Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures,
Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra(81).
Romae principis urbium
Dignatur soboles inter amabiles
Vatum ponere me choros,
Et iam dente minus mordeor invido(82).
O imitatores, servum pecus, ut mihi saepe
Bilem, saepe iocum vestri movere tumultus(83).
Scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim(84),
establishment of the Empire gave to the national idea a temporary
favourable than it was some thirty years ago.
It would be neither desirable nor possible to enter on a critical
Temptanda via est qua me quoque possim
Tollere humo, victorque virum volitare per ora(91)--
Cedite Romani scriptores, cedite Graii:
Nescio quid maius nascitur Iliade(92).
Vive, precor, nec tu divinam Aeneida tempta,
Sed longe sequere et vestigia semper adora(96);
and Silius, having occasion to mention Mantua, celebrates it as--
Mantua, Musarum domus, atque ad sidera cantu
Evecta Aonio, et Smyrnaeis aemula plectris(97).
Quum totus decolor esset
Flaccus et haereret nigro fuligo Maroni(102).
Ad Maronis mausoleum
Ductus fudit super eum
Piae rorem lacrimae;
Quem te inquit reddidissem
Si te vivum invenissem
Adde Heliconiadum comites; quorum unus Homerus
self-disparagement of Horace.
civilisation all tells in favour of Homer and against Virgil. The
Recognising the radical difference between the two kinds of
authority, and beneficence.
Terra antiqua potens armis atque ubere glaebae(130),--
Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus,
In other arts the maturest excellence often foreruns a rapid and
Illa cadens raucum per levia murmur
Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva(135).
'Goethe's sage mind and Byron's force,'
The data for a knowledge of the life, circumstances, and personal
Secretum iter et fallentis semita vitae(143),
This year is also important as marking the close of the wars and
At non multa virum sub signis milia ducta
Una dies dabat exitio(148).
Maioresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae(149),
Hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras(150),
can apply.
Certe equidem audieram qua se subducere colles
Incipiunt mollique iugum demittere clivo,
Omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan(151).
Tamen veniemus in urbem;
Aut si nox pluviam ne colligat ante veremur(152),--
Non liquidi gregibus fontes, non gramina deerunt(153)
Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens Benace marino(155),--
Et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum,
Pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos(156),
words--'our childhood drank in the air of the Aventine.'
Quod si pudica mulier in partem iuvet
Domum atque dulces liberos,
Sabina qualis aut perusta solibus
Pernicis uxor Appuli(161),
and to the other--
Interea longum cantu solata laborem
Arguto coniunx percurrit pectine telas(162).
husbandman.
Tu nunc eris illi
Mantua quod fuerat, quodque Cremona prius(165)--
Ite hinc, inanes rhetorum ampullae,
Inflata rore non Achaico verba,
Et vos, Stiloque, Tarquitique, Varroque,
Scholasticorum natio madens pingui,
Ite hinc, inanis cymbalon iuventutis.
Nos ad beatos vela mittimus portus,
Magni petentes docta dicta Sironis,
Vitamque ab omni vindicabimus cura(166).
Vitamque ab omni vindicabimus cura,
Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, etc.
Iam valete, formosi.
Nam, fatebimur verum,
Me vero primum dulces ante omnia Musae, etc.
Sed me Parnassi deserta per ardua dulcis
Cum canerem reges et proelia, Cynthius aurem
persistence with which his mind continued to dwell on ideas once
Villula quae Sironis eras, et pauper agelle,
Verum illi domino tu quoque divitiae(170),
Molle atque facetum
Vergilio annuerunt gaudentes rure Camenae(172).
Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego Vergiliusque,
Namque pila lippis inimicum et ludere crudis(173).
Pauca tamen suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis,
Quae temptare Thetim ratibus, etc.(174),--
Animae quales neque candidiores
Terra tulit, neque queis me sit devinctior alter(175).
The word 'candidiores' suggests the same qualities of a beautiful
Me dulcis alebat
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti(176).
He possessed also at this time a country-house or estate in the
Tu canis umbrosi subter pineta Galaesi
Thyrsin et attritis Daphnin harundinibus(177),--
The interest of the life of Virgil lies in the bearing of his
Quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est--
Disce, puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem,
Carmina qui lusi pastorum, audaxque iuventa,
A te principium, tibi desinet,--
Haec nos 'Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexin,'
Haec eadem docuit 'Cuium pecus? an Meliboei(188)?'
Aspice aratra iugo referunt suspensa iuvenci(192)
O tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura
Atque humiles habitare casas, et figere cervos(193);
and again,
Habitarunt di quoque silvas
Dardaniusque Paris. Pallas quas condidit arces
Ipsa colat, nobis placeant ante omnia silvae(194).
In medio duo signa ... curvus arator haberet,
Pollio amat nostram quamvis est rustica Musam,
and again,
Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina(196),
Qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina, Maevi(197)
Nulla neque amnem
Libavit quadrupes nec graminis attigit herbam(200),
Ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis
Agricolae facient, damnabis tu quoque votis(203),--
as in the lines of the ninth, referring to the Julium Sidus,--
Astrum quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo
Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem(204),--
Insere, Daphni, piros, carpent tua poma nepotes(205).
Ergo alacris ... amat bonus otia Daphnis;
Deus, deus ille, Menalca.
Hic viridis tenera praetexit harundine ripam
Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu(207).
Meliboeus decides the contest in favour of Corydon:--
Haec memini, et victum frustra contendere Thyrsin.
Ex illo Corydon Corydon est tempore nobis(208).
Quamvis lapis omnia nudus
Limosoque palus obducat pascua iunco(212),
with the ideal mountain-land of pastoral song--
Maioresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae(213).
Impius haec tam culta novalia miles habebit?
Barbarus has segetes? En quo discordia civis
Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versat(216),--
Vatem pastores, sed non ego credulus illis.
Nam neque adhuc Vario videor nec dicere Cinna
Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores(217).
qua se subducere colles incipiunt--
Vare tuum nomen, superet modo Mantua nobis,
Daphni quid antiquos signorum suspicis ortus(218)--
Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor(219).
circumstances of the time. Though abounding with rich pastoral
characteristic of the art of the Eclogues, which is not so much
Cara deum suboles, magnum Iovis incrementum
Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem(224)
Accipe iussis
Carmina coepta tuis(228)
Two shepherds, Damon and Alphesiboeus, meet in the early dawn--
Cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba(229),
Praeceps aerii specula de montis in undas
Saepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala,
Dux ego vester eram, vidi cum matre legentem:
Alter ab undecimo tum me iam acceperat annus,
Iam fragiles poteram ab terra contingere ramos:
Ut vidi, ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error(232)--
Atque utinam ex vobis unus vestrique fuissem
Aut custos gregis aut maturae vinitor uvae(235),--
and again in these,
Certum est in silvis, inter spelaea ferarum
Malle pati, tenerisque meos incidere amores
Prima Syracosio dignata est ludere versu
Nostra, neque erubuit silvas habitare Thalia(237),
Nec te paeniteat pecoris, divine poeta,
Et formosus ovis ad flumina pavit Adonis(238).
Per loca pastorum deserta atque otia dia(240),
Versibus alternis opprobria rustica fudit(246).
intermingle.
Saepe ego longos
Cantando puerum memini me condere soles(253).
characterises objects by local epithets, suggestive rather of the
In medio duo signa Conon, etc.,
Namque canebat uti magnum per inane coacta, etc.
In these last passages it is not so much by the scientific or
Tum canit, errantem Permessi ad flumina Gallum
Aonas in montis ut duxerit una sororum,
or these,
Omnia quae Phoebo quondam meditante beatus
Audiit Eurotas, iussitque ediscere laurus,
ibi haec incondita solus
Montibus et silvis studio iactabat inani(257).
Ille latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho(258),--
nos dulcia linquimus arva--
ergo tua rura manebunt, Et tibi magna satis--
Ille meas errare boves ut cernis--
Spem gregis a, silice in nuda conixa reliquit--
Ite meae, quondam felix pecus, ite capellae(259).
In the passage of the same Eclogue, from 68-79,
En unquam patrios ... salices carpetis amaras,
Rusticus es Corydon, nec munera curat Alexis(261),
and again--
Tanquam haec sint nostri medicina furoris(262);
Saepibus in nostris, etc.;
in the fine simile at viii. 85--
Talis amor Daphnim, qualis cum fessa iuvencum, etc.;
A, tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas(263),--
there is a delicate and subtle power of touch not unworthy of the
Dumosa _pendere_ procul de rupe videbo;
and we notice a similar exertion of the faculty in the line--
Hic viridis tenera _praetexit_ harundine ripam
Fortunate senex, ergo tua rura manebunt--
Nunc frondent silvae, nunc formosissimus annus--
Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse--
Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta--
Ut Linus haec illi divino carmine pastor.
Non me carminibus vincet nec Thracius Orpheus,
Nec Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic pater adsit,
Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo.
Pan etiam Arcadia mecum si iudice certet,
Pan etiam Arcadia dicat se iudice victum(265).
Hinc tibi, quae semper, vicino ab limite saepes
Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti
Saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro;
Hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras;
Nec tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes,
Nec gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo(266):
Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta,
Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per aestum
Dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo(268):
Quae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona?
Nam neque me tantum venientis sibilus austri,
Nec percussa iuvant fluctu tam litora, nec quae
Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles(269).
Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen.
Tu canis Ascraei veteris praecepta poetae,
Quo seges in campo, quo viret uva iugo(275).
Stultus ego huic nostrae similem(276).
Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat,
Nutrit rura Ceres almaque faustitas(277),
and in the same Ode:--
Condit quisque diem collibus in suis,
Et vitem viduas ducit ad arbores(278).
Tua, Caesar, aetas
Fruges et agris rettulit uberes(279).
Et quidam seros hiberni ad luminis ignes, etc.,
Namque sub Oebaliae memini me turribus arcis, etc.,
Quid faciat laetas segetes, quo sidere terram
Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adiungere vites
Quanquam nec Calabrae mella ferunt apes
Nec Laestrygonia Bacchus in amphora
Languescit mihi, nec pinguia Gallicis
Commonwealth, more completely than among any other people.
Non hic te carmine ficto
Atque per ambages et longa exorsa tenebo.
Cetera quae vacuas tenuissent carmina mentes,
Singula dum capti circumvectamur amore(293)--
angustis hunc addere rebus honorem(294)--
discoveries:--
Prima Ceres ferro mortalis vertere terram
Idcirco certis dimensum partibus orbem, etc.,
Atque haec ut certis possemus discere signis--
Umida solstitia atque hiemes orate serenas,
Votisque vocaveris imbrem--
In primis venerare deos, atque annua magnae
But, besides appealing to primitive religious and mythological
Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris(303),--
nonne vides croceos ut Tmolus odores, etc.,--
by recondite mythological and astronomical allusions and by the
Quinque tenent caelum zonae, etc.,--
Illic, ut perhibent, aut intempesta silet nox
Semper et obtenta densentur nocte tenebrae,
Aut redit a nobis Aurora diemque reducit;
Nosque ubi primus equis Oriens adflavit anhelis,
Illic sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper(305),--
Tum liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces, etc.,--
iuvat imbribus actis
Progeniem parvam dulcesque revisere nidos(306),--
and the following lines--
Haud equidem credo quia sit divinitus illis, etc.,--
Me vero primum dulces ante omnia Musae, etc.,--(II. 475.)
Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, etc.,--(II. 490.)
Fortunatas et ille, deos qui novit agrestis,
Panaque Silvanumque senem Nymphasque sorores, etc.,--(II. 493.)
Flumina _amem_ silvasque.
Libera continuo dominis privata superbis.
Quod superest arvi _tamen id natura sua vi_
_Sentibus obducat_, ni _vis humana resistat_
Vitai causa valido consueta bidenti
_Ingemere et terram pressis proscindere aratris_.
Si non fecundas _vertentes_ vomere glebas
_Terraique solum subigentes_ cimus ad ortus,
_Sponte sua nequeant liquidas_ existere in auras.
Et tamen interdum _magno quaesita labore_
Cum iam per terras frondent atque omnia florent,
Ant nimiis torret fervoribus aetherius sol
Aut subiti perimunt imbris gelidaeque pruinae,
Flabraque ventorum violento turbine vexant(313).
Lucretius further regards this state of things, so far from being
Iamque caput quassans grandis suspirat arator
Crebrius, incassum manuum cecidisse labores(314), etc.
Ex infinito contractum tempore bellum--
Inde aliam atque aliam culturam dulcis agelli
Temptabant, fructusque feros mansuescere terram
Cernebant indulgendo blandeque colendo(319).
Thy help is with the weed that creeps
Along the barest ground, etc.),
communicating to outward things the grace and tenderness of human
sic omnia fatis
In peius ruere.
'glorification of labour' suggests modern rather than ancient
associations. Labour is not glorified as an end in itself; it is
Exercetque frequens tellurem atque imperat arvis.
Tum denique dura
Exerce imperia et ramos compesce fluentes.
Seu pluris calor ille vias et caeca relaxat
Spiramenta, novas veniat qua sucus in herbas(328), etc.,
Haud equidem credo, etc.,
Omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque, etc.,
Illic ut perhibent aut intempesta silet nox,
His quidam signis, etc.,
Nullius addictus iurare in verba magistri(329),
Sed tua me virtus tamen et sperata voluptas
Suavis amicitiae,
O decus, O famae merito pars maxima nostrae(330).
deus ille fuit, deus, inclyte Memmi.
In every book of the poem his praises are repeated in language of
In medio mihi Caesar erit, templumque tenebit.
Caesar dum magnus ad altum
Fulminat Euphraten bello, victorque volentis
Per populos dat iura, viamque adfectat Olympo(331),
Faune nympharum fugientum amator, etc.,--
and again in Tibullus,
Di patrii, purgamus agros, purgamus agrestes, etc.,--
Caelo supinas si tuleris manus, etc.,
Dique deaeque omnes studium quibus arva tueri(332),
as in the later exclamation,
Fortunatus et ille deos qui novit agrestes(333),
associations as well as by poetical sympathy.
Iuppiter umidus austris--
Et iam maturis metuendus Iuppiter uvis--
neque illum
Flava Ceres alto nequiquam spectat Olympo(336),
Auctorem frugum tempestatumque potentem(341),
Nam te nec sperant Tartara regem, etc.,
read in connexion with those at the end of Book I,
Hunc saltem everso iuvenem succurrere saeclo
Ne prohibete, etc.,
Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges et maxima taurus
Victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro,
Romanos ad templa deum duxere triumphos(343).
temptanda via est, qua me quoque possim
Tollere humo victorque virum volitare per ora(344).
Cuncta mihi, Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi,
Cursibus et crudo decernet Graecia cestu)(345),--
Mox tamen ardentis accingar dicere pugnas
Et cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis,
Ecce supercilio clivosi tramitis undam
Elicit; illa cadens raucum per levia murmur
Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva(347).
Contemplator item, cum se nux plurima silvis
Induet in florem et ramos curvabit olentis:
Si superant fetus, pariter frumenta sequentur,
Magnaque cum magno veniet tritura calore(348).
non ullo ex aequore cernes
Flumina, muscus ubi et viridissima gramine ripa,
Speluncaeque tegant, et saxea procubet umbra(350).
(351)_a._ Parva sub ingenti matris se subicit umbra.
_b._ tenero abscindens de corpore matrum.
_c._ Exuerint silvestrem animum.
_d._ Miraturque novas frondes et non sua poma.
_e._ Mutatam ignorent subito ne semina matrem.
_f._ atque animos tollent sata.
_g._ Viribus eniti quarum et contemnere ventos
_h._ Ac dum prima novis adolescit frondibus aetas,
Parcendum teneris.
_i._ Ante reformidant ferrum.
_k._ Praecipue dum frons tenera imprudensque laborum.
Hi motus animorum atque haec certamina tanta
Ingemere et terram pressis proscindere aratris--
ferro molirier arva--
magnos manibus divellere montes--
Ecce supercilio clivosi tramitis undam;
in the 'iuvat' of
iuvat Ismara Baccho
Conserere, atque olea magnum vestire Taburnum(354);--
and in the 'canit' of the line
Iam canit effectos extremus vinitor antes(355).
Vos silvae amnesque Lycaei--
vocat alta voce Cithaeron--
O, ubi campi
Spercheusque, et virginibus bacchata Lacaenis
Taygeta, etc.,
Talis et ipse iubam cervice effudit equina
Coniugis adventu pernix Saturnus, et altum
Pelion hinnitu fugiens implevit acuto(357),
Munere sic niveo lanae, si credere dignum est,
Pan deus Arcadiae captam te, Luna, fefellit,
In nemora alta vocans; nec tu aspernata vocantem(358).
Continuo has leges aeternaque foedera certis
Imposuit natura locis, quo tempore primum
Deucalion vacuum lapides iactavit in orbem,
Unde homines nati, durum genus(359),
Quaesitaeque nocent artes; cessere magistri
Mussabat tacito medicina timore(361),--
Pleiadas, Hyadas, claramque Lycaonis Arcton.
Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges(362),
Et te, Bacche, vocant per carmina laeta, tibique
Oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu(363),
Non aliter, quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum
Remigiis subigit, si bracchia forte remisit
Atque illum in praeceps prono rapit alveus amni(364).
Optima quaeque dies miseris mortalibus aevi
Prima fugit; subeunt morbi tristisque senectus(365).
angustis hunc addere rebus honorem,--
Munere concessae divom,
Illi cum videant solem, nos sidera noctis
Cernere, et alternis nobiscum tempora caeli
Dividere, et noctes parilis agitare diebus(366).
Aeraque dissiliunt volgo--
Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis--(369)
Cum nix alta iacet, glaciem cum flumina trudunt(370).
Qua niger umectat flaventia culta Galaesus(371),--
umbrosi subter pineta Galaesi--
Thyrsin et attritis Daphnin harundinibus.
independent of wealth, and which wealth cannot buy:--
Regum aequabat opes animis, seraque revertens
Nocte domum dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis(372).
Qui fuerant autem praesto, contagibus ibant
Atque labore, pudor quem tum cogebat obire
Blandaque lassorum vox mixta voce querellae.
Optimus hoc leti genus ergo quisque subibat(375)--
Non umbrae altorum nemorum, non mollia possunt
Prata movere animum, non qui per saxa volutus
Purior electro campum petit amnis(376).
Nec tenerae salices atque herbae rore vigentes
Fluminaque illa queunt summis labentia ripis
Oblectare animum, sumptamque avertere curam(377).
it tristis arator,
Maerentem abiungens fraterna morte iuvencum(378):
Quid labor aut benefacta iuvant? quid vomere terras
Invertisse gravis? atqui non Massica Bacchi
Munera, non illis epulae nocuere repostae:
Pocula sunt fontes liquidi atque exercita cursu
Flumina, nec somnos abrumpit cura salubris(379).
cultor nemorum cui pinguia Ceae
Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta iuvenci(380),
Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum;
Vicinae ruptis inter se legibus urbes
Arma ferunt; saevit toto Mars impius orbe:
Ut cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae,
Addunt in spatia, et frustra retinacula tendens
Fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas(381).
pecudesque locutae,
Et maestum inlacrimat templis ebur, aeraque sudant(382):--
Vox quoque per lucos volgo exaudita silentis
Ingens, et simulacra modis pallentia miris
Visa sub obscurum noctis(383);
Obscenaeque canes importunaeque volucres
Signa dabant--
Et altae
Per noctem resonare lupis ululantibus urbes(384);
'The noise of battle hurtling in the air,'
devastation of war:--
Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis
Agricola, incurvo terram molitus aratro,
Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila,
Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanis,
Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris(385).
Non ullus aratro
Dignus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis,
Et curvae rigidum falces conflantur in ensem(386).
In the second of the great episodes this sorrow for the past and
Haec genus acre virum Marsos pubemque Sabellam,
Adsuetumque malo Ligurem Volscosque verutos
Haec Decios magnosque Camillos,
Scipiadas duros bello, et te, maxime Caesar,
Qui nunc extremis Asiae iam victor in oris
Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum(388).
_Tibi_ res antiquae laudis et artis
Adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem,
Tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis,
Fluminaque antiquos subterlabentia muros(390).
Si non ingentem foribus domus alta superbis
Mane salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam--
Si non aurea sunt iuvenum simulacra per aedes
Lampadas igniferas manibus retinentia dextris(391),--
Gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum(392)
Sanguine civili rem conflant divitiasque
Conduplicant avidi, caedem caede accumulantes;
Crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris;
Et consanguineum mensas odere timentque(393).
Interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati,
Casta pudicitiam servat domus(394),
Iam iam non domus accipiet te laeta, neque uxor
Optima, nec dulces occurrent oscula nati
Ipse dies agitat festos, etc.
hinc patriam parvosque Penates
Sustinet, hinc armenta boum meritosque iuvencos(396).
Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini,
Hanc Remus et frater, sic fortis Etruria crevit
Scilicet, et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces.
Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis et ante
Impia quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis,
Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat;
Necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum
Impositos duris crepitare incudibus enses(400).
characteristics, the poem is a genuine work of Italian art and
characteristic of the Italian mind.
Quare agite, O, proprios generatim discite cultus,
writing for Italians, for whom every detail of farm labour had a
Maiores audire, minori dicere per quae
Crescere res posset, minui damnosa libido(407).
Hae latebrae dulces, etiam, si credis, amoenae(411).
'The outward shows of sky and earth'
Ver adeo frondi nemorum, ...
... exciperet caeli indulgentia terras,
Qualem saepe cava montis convalle solemus
and again the opening scene of the poem, at i. 43,
Vere novo gelidus canis cum montibus umor
Liquitur, et Zephyro putris se glaeba resolvit(414),
familiar to Roman readers. And while the 'caeli indulgentia'
Saepe ego cum flavis ... stipulasque volantis,
Proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas
Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes
Cum stabulis armenta tulit(415).
Dique deaeque omnes studium quibus arva tueri(417)--
Interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati;
Casta pudicitiam servat domus--
and this--
Interea longum cantu solata laborem
Arguto coniunx percurrit pectine telas(419).
representation of his mimic commonwealth--the
Mores et studia et populos et proelia(422)
of the community of bees. It scarcely needs the reminder of
ipsae regem parvosque _Quirites_
Tantus amor florum et generandi gloria mellis(424),--
At genus immortale manet, multosque per annos
Stat fortuna domus et avi numerantur avorum(425).
Illic saltus et lustra ferarum,
Et patiens operum exiguoque adsueta iuventus,
Sacra deum sanctique patres(427),--
disposition,--the reaction perhaps of a strongly passionate
Ecce supercilio clivosi tramitis, etc.,
qui per saxa volutus
Purior electro campum petit(432).
Continuo, ventis surgentibus, aut freta ponti
Incipiunt agitata tumescere, et aridus altis
Montibus audiri fragor, aut resonantia longe
Litora misceri et nemorum increbrescere murmur(433);--
association.
Splendidaque a docto fama refulget avo.
Caesaris invicti res dicere--
to which advice the poet answers,
Cupidum, pater optime, vires
Deficiunt: neque enim quivis horrentia pilis
Agmina, nec fracta pereuntes cuspide Gallos,
Aut labentis equo describat vulnera Parthi(443).
The other passage from Horace (Epistles, ii. 1. 250) has a closer
Nec sermones ego mallem
Repentes per humum quam res componere gestas,
Terrarumque situs et flumina dicere, et arces
Montibus impositas, et barbara regna, tuisque
Auspiciis totum confecta duella per orbem(444), etc.
seu pingui tentus omaso
Furius hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpes(445);
Turgidus Alpinus jugulat dum Memnona, dumque
Defingit Rheni luteum caput(446).
Hoc erat, experto frustra Varrone Atacino(447), etc.
Haec quoque perfecto ludebat Iasone Varro,
Varro Leucadiae maxima flamma suae(448).
The latter, however, still found representatives in the following
Nam neque adhuc Vario videor nec dicere Cinna
Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores(450).
Quis sibi res gestas Augusti scribere sumit?
Bella quis et paces longum diffundit in aevum(452)?
inspiration of the national epic with the personal celebration of
Si canimus silvas, silvae sint consule dignae:
Temptanda via est qua me quoque possim
Tollere humo victorque virum volitare per ora(453).
Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero
Pulsanda tellus.
Non iniussa cano--
Accipe iussis
Carmina coepta tuis,--
Cum canerem reges et proelia.
attraction or the enduring spell which belongs to the Aeneid.
Amnem Troiugena Cannam Romane fuge(462).
Quum veter occubuit Priamus sub Marte Pelasgo(464).
Ab Iove principium generis, Iove Dardana pubes
Gaudet avo; rex ipse Iovis de gente suprema
Ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris astrum,
cingens materna tempora myrto(466).
Nascetur pulchra Troianus origine Caesar,
Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,
Iulius, a magno demissum nomen Iulo(467).
locus Ardea quondam
Dictus avis; et nunc magnum tenet Ardea nomen(470).
In the opening lines of the poem--
Arma virumque ... multa quoque et bello passus--
we find, as in the Odyssey--
Troiae qui primus ab oris--
Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem
Inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum
Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae(471).
Attolens humero famamque et fata nepotum.
Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso--
he had in view the passage in the Iliad beginning with the line--
Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni,
hoc regnum dea gentibus esse,
Si _qua fata sinant_, iam tum tenditque fovetque.
Progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine duci
Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces;
_Hinc populum late regem belloque superbum_
Venturum excidio Libyae; sic volvere Parcas(475).
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor,--
Adveniet iustum pugnae, ne arcessite, tempus,
Cum fera Karthago Romanis arcibus olim
Exitium magnum atque Alpes inmittet apertas(476).
But to this motive are added other motives, both political and
manet alta mente repostum
Iudicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae,
Et genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis honores(477).
Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem;
Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum.
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum
Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas
Qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent(479);
Iulius a magno demissum nomen Iulo(480).
Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentis
Litoraque et latos populos(481);
and in this--
Olli subridens hominum sator atque deorum
Voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat(482);
Claudentur Belli portae;
Furor impius intus,
Saeva sedens super arma et centum vinctus aenis
Post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento(483).
Si non aurea sunt iuvenum simulacra per aedes, etc.
Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae;
Oenotri coluere viri; nunc fama, minores
Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem(484)--
Hei mihi, qualis erat.
Et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva
Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris(486),--
Urbs antiqua ruit multos dominata per annos(489),
had been first expressed in the 'Andromache' of the older poet.
Hac casti maneant in religione nepotes,--(490)
Sive Getis inferre manu lacrimabile bellum
Hyrcanisve Arabisve parant, seu tendere ad Indos
Auroramque sequi Parthosque reposcere signa(491).
Secretosque pios, his dantem iura Catonem(492).
Horrenda late nomen in ultimas
Extendat oras, qua medius liquor
Qua tumidus rigat arva Nilus.
Quicunque mundi terminus obstitit,
Hunc tanget armis, visere gestiens
Qua parte debacchentur ignes,
Qua nebulae pluviique rores(494).
populum late regem belloque superbum.
His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono,
Imperium sine fine dedi(495).
Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam(496).
Hic domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur oris,
Et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis(497).
Nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor,
Idem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes,
Imperiumque urbi dabimus(498).
Sed fore, qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem
Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Troiae
Proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem(499).
Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento
(Hae tibi erunt artes), pacisque inponere morem,
Parcere subiectis et debellare superbos(500).
Externi venient generi, qui sanguine nostrum
Nomen in astra ferant, quorumque ab stirpe nepotes
Omnia sub pedibus, qua Sol utrumque recurrens
Aspicit Oceanum, vertique regique videbunt(501).
Dum domus Aeneae Capitoli immobile saxum
Accolet imperiumque pater Romanus habebit(502).
iure omnia bella
Gente sub Assaraci fato ventura resident(503).
Hinc genus Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget,
Supra homines, supra ire deos pietate videbis,
Nec gens ulla tuos aeque celebrabit honores(504).
Caeruleus Thybris, caelo gratissimus amnis--
quibus Itala iam tum
Floruerit terra alma viris, quibus arserit armis(508).
Durum ab stirpe genus natos ad flumina primum
Deferimus saevoque gelu duramus et undis;
Venatu invigilant pueri, silvasque fatigant;
Flectere ludus equos et spicula tendere cornu.
At patiens operum parvoque adsueta iuventus
Aut rastris terram domat, aut quatit oppida bello.
Omne aevum ferro teritur, versaque iuvencum
Debilitat vires animi mutatque vigorem:
Canitiem galea premimus, semperque recentis
Comportare iuvat praedas et vivere rapto(510).
Quique altum Praeneste viri, quique arva Gabinae
Iunonis gelidumque Anienem et roscida rivis
Hernica saxa colunt, quos dives Anagnia pascit,
Qui Tetricae horrentis rupes montemque Severum
Casperiamque colunt Forulosque et flumen Himellae;
Qui Tiberim Fabarimque bibunt, quos frigida misit
Nursia, et Hortinae classes populique Latini;
Quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen(512);
Qui saltus, Tiberine, tuos, sacrumque Numici
Litus arant, Rutulosque exercent vomere collis,
Circaeumque iugum, quis Iuppiter Anxurus arvis
Praesidet et viridi gaudens Feronia luco;
Qua Saturae iacet atra palus, gelidusque per imas
Quaerit iter vallis atque in mare conditur Ufens(513).
Sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt(515).
Veniet lustris labentibus aetas,
Cum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas
Servitio premet ac victis dominabitur Argis(516);
Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas,
Ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli(517).
Rursus quid virtus et quid sapientia possit,
Utile proposuit nobis exemplar Ulixem(518), etc.
Dis te minorem quod geris imperas(522).
Rex Iuppiter omnibus idem:
Fata viam invenient(524).
Fortuna omnipotens et ineluctabile fatum(525).
sedes ubi fata quietas
ne fati nescia Dido
Finibus arceret.
Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia Penates,
Aeneas is represented as starting on his enterprise
Cum sociis gnatoque, _Penatibus et magnis Dis_(539);
Sacra deosque dabo; socer arma Latinus habeto,
Imperium sollemne socer(541).
Illam, summa super labentem culmina tecti,
Cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva,
Desine fata deum flecti sperare precando(543),--
Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid
Usquam iustitia est et mens sibi conscia recti,
Praemia digna ferant(545).
Iuppiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum
Troianos, si quid pietas antiqua labores
Di, si qua est caelo pietas, quae talia curet,
Persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant
Debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum
Fecisti et patrios foedasti funere voltus(547).
affections and their duty as citizens to their greed of grain--
Hic, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat,
Pulsatusve parens et fraus innexa clienti;
Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis,
Nec partem posuere suis, quae maxima turba est;
Quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti
Impia, nec veriti dominorum fallere dextras,
Inclusi poenam expectant....
Vendidit hic auro patriam, dominumque potentem
Imposuit: fixit leges pretio atque refixit:
Hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos:
Ausi omnes immane nefas ausoque potiti(548).
Hic manus, ob patriam pugnando volnera passi,
Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat,
Quique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti,
Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes,
Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo(549).
Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis,
Aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra(553)?
Aspera tum positis mitescent saecula bellis:
Cana Fides et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus
And in the revelation of Anchises, Augustus is spoken of as--
Augustus Caesar, Divi genus: aurea condet
Saecula qui rursus Latio, regnata per arva
Hunc tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum,
Accipies secura: vocabitur hic quoque votis(556).
Moribus antiquis stat res Romana virisque(557),--
pedes vestis defluxit ad imos
Et vera incessu patuit dea.
Ast ego, quae Divom incedo regina(563).
Stat sua cuique dies; breve et inreparabile tempus
Omnibus est vitae; sed famam extendere factis
Prospiciens summa placidum caput extulit unda(565).
Actius, haec cernens, arcum intendebat Apollo
Macte nova virtute, puer: sic itur ad astra,
Dis genite, et geniture deos: iure omnia bella
Gente sub Assaraci fato ventura resident:
Extemplo Turni sic est adfata sororem,
Diva deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris
Praesidet: hunc illi rex aetheris altus honorem
Iuppiter erepta pro virginitate sacravit(569).
Tum regina deum caelo delapsa morantis
Impulit ipsa manu portas, et cardine verso
Belli ferratos rumpit Saturnia postes(571).
confessa deam, qualisque videri
Caelicolis et quanta solet(572)--
Apparent dirae facies inimicaque Troiae
Iam tum religio pavidos terrebat agrestis
Dira loci; iam tum silvam saxumque tremebant.
Hoc nemus, hunc, inquit, frondoso vertice collem,
Quis deus incertum est, habitat deus: Arcades ipsum
Credunt se vidisse Iovem, cum saepe nigrantem
Aegida concuteret dextra nimbosque cieret(575).
Ne recipi portis aut duci in moenia possit,
Neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri(576).
Excessere omnis adytis arisque relictis
Di, quibus imperium hoc steterat(577).
Sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotem
Inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte,
Sanguinis et sacri pateras, _animamque sepulchro_
_Condimus_, et magna supremum voce ciemus(579).
O lux Dardaniae! spes o fidissima Teucrum!
Quae tantae tenuere morae? quibus Hector ab oris
Expectate venis? ut te post multa tuorum
Funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores,
Defessi aspicimus: quae caussa indigna serenos
Foedavit voltus, aut cur haec volnera cerno(580)?
Ille nihil, nec me quaerentem vana moratur,
Sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,
'Heu fuge, nate dea, teque his,' ait, 'eripe flammis:
Hostis habet muros: ruit alto a culmine Troia:
Sat patriae Priamoque datum: si Pergama dextra
Defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent.
Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia Penates:
Hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere,
Magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto(581).'
Sollemnis cum forte dapes, et tristia dona
Ante urbem in luco falsi Simoentis ad undam,
Libabat cineri Andromache manisque vocabat
Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem caespite inanem
Et geminas, caussam lacrimis, sacraverat aras(582).
Similar honours are paid by Dido to the spirit of Sychaeus--
Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum
Coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
Velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum(583).
falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes(584)--
coniunx ubi pristinus illi
Respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem(585)--
Quin, ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes,
Et positis aris iam vota in litore solves,
Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu;
Nequa inter sanctos ignis in honore deorum
Hostilis facies occurrat et omina turbet(589).
Summe deum, sancti custos Soractis, Apollo,
Quem primi colimus, cui pineus ardor acervo
Pascitur, et medium freti pietate per ignem
Cultores multa premimus vestigia pruna(590).
Vana superstitio veterumque ignara deorum(591),
Dum domus Aeneae Capitoli immobile saxum
Accolet, imperiumque Pater Romanus habebit(594).
Tectum augustum, ingens, centum sublime columnis,
Urbe fuit summa, Laurentis regia Pici,
Horrendum silvis et religione parentum.
Hic sceptra accipere et primos attollere fasces
Regibus omen erat; hoc illis curia templum,
Hae sacris sedes epulis; hic, ariete caeso,
Perpetuis soliti patres considere mensis(595).
The spectacle of the fall of Troy acquires new grandeur from the
Postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem
Inmeritam visum Superis, ceciditque superbum
Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troia(596).
Urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos(597).
Haec finis Priami fatorum; his exitus illum
Sorte tulit, Troiam incensam et prolapsa videntem
Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum
Vixi, et, quem dederat cursum Fortuna, peregi:
Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago.
Urbem praeclaram statui, mea moenia vidi(599).
Horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae(601).
Evander receives him beneath his humble roof,
stratisque locavit
Effultum foliis et pelle Libystidis ursae(602).
hic lata theatris
Fundamenta petunt alii, immanisque columnas
Rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris(603);
the picture of the great Temple of Juno--
Aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexaeque
Aere trabes, foribus cardo stridebat aenis(604);
of the rich frescoes and bas-reliefs adorning it--
Artificumque manus inter se operumque labores
Miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas
Bellaque iam fama totum volgata per orbem(605);
of the great dome under which the throne of Dido is placed--
media testudine templi, etc.;
dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
(a picture partly indeed, like that in Lucretius--
Si non aurea sunt iuvenum simulacra per aedes, etc.,
O praestans animi iuvenis! quantum ipse feroci
Virtute exsuperas, tanto me impensius aequum est
Consulere, atque omnis metuentem expendere casus(607);
Quam pro me curam geris, hanc precor, optime, pro me
Deponas letumque sinas pro laude pacisci.
Tu quoque nunc stares immanis truncus in armis,
Esset par actas et idem si robur ab annis,
sed infelix Teucros quid demoror armis?
Vadite et haec memores regi mandata referte(610).
Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas.
Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt
Moliri et late finis custode tueri.
Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem
Virtutesque virosque, aut tanti incendia belli?
Non obtunsa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni,
Nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe(611), etc.
Lanigerae comitantur oves: ea sola voluptas
Cernimus adstantis nequiquam lumine torvo
Aetnaeos fratres, caelo capita alta ferentis,
'That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine,'
Linquimus Ortygiae portas pelagoque volamus
Bacchatamque iugis Naxon, viridemque Donysam,
Olearon, niveamque Paron, sparsasque per aequor
Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita terris.
Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor(615).
Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem
Visa, aperire procul montis, ac volvere fumum(616).
Iamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis,
Cum procul obscuros collis humilemque videmus
Iam propior, templumque apparet in arce Minervae(618).
Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces,
Litoraque Epiri legimus, portuque subimus
Chaonio, et celsam Buthroti accedimus urbem(619);
Apparet Camarina procul, campique Geloi,
Immanisque Gela, fluvii cognomine dicta.
Arduus inde Acragas ostentat maxima longe
Moenia, magnanimum quondam generator equorum(620), etc.
his addit Amastrum
Hippotaden, sequiturque incumbens eminus hasta
And although through the mouth of the wisest of his heroes, Homer
'war and broils, which make
Life one perpetual fight'--
ingeminant hastis et Troes et ipse
though he can express a Roman contempt for death,--
Est hic, est animus lucis contemptor(624),
Nos alias hinc ad lacrimas, eadem horrida bella,
Ulterius ne tende odiis(627).
si qua fata aspera rumpas
Transiit et parmam mucro levia arma minacis,
Et tunicam, molli mater quam neverat auro(630),
At vero, ut voltum vidit morientis et ora,
Ora modis Anchisiades pallentia miris,
Ingemuit miserans graviter dextramque tetendit,
Et mentem patriae subiit pietatis imago(631),
Vos etiam, gemini, Rutulis cecidistis in arvis,
Daucia, Laride Thymberque, simillima proles,
Indiscreta suis gratusque parentibus error(632).
Extemplo teli stridorem aurasque sonantis
Audiit una Arruns haesitque in corpore ferrum.
Illum expirantem socii atque extrema gementem
Obliti ignoto camporum in pulvere linquunt;
Opis ad aetherium pinnis aufertur Olympum(633).
Hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amoeno
Verticibus rapidis et multa flavus harena
Mos erat Hesperio in Latio, quem protinus urbes
Albanae coluere sacrum, nunc maxima rerum
Roma colit, etc.
Ipse Quirinali trabea cinctuque Gabino
Insignis reserat stridentia limina Consul;
Ipse vocat pugnas, sequitur tum cetera pubes,
Aereaque adsensu conspirant cornua rauco(635).
'This way and that dividing the swift mind;'
Rhaebe, diu, res si qua diu mortalibus ulla est,
Et tamen ille tuae felix Aeneidos auctor
Contulit in Tyrios arma virumque toros(637).
Quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est(638).
Tum socios maestique metum solatur Iuli
saevae iamque altius irae
Dardanio surgunt ductori(640).
Maxima res effecta, viri: timor omnis abesto(641).
He appears as a passive recipient both of the devotion and of the
nec me meminisse pigebit Elissae,
Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus(642).
mixta rubent ubi lilia multa
Nam mihi parta quies, omnisque in limine portus:
'To justify the ways of God to men.'
nunc coniugis esto
Quisque suae tectique memor: nunc magna referto
qualem meruit Pallanta remitto,
Quisquis honos tumuli, quidquid solamen humandi est
Non erit auxilio nobis Aetolos et Arpi,
At Messapus erit, felixque Tolumnius(651), etc.
vobis animam hanc soceroque Latino
Turnus ego, haut ulli veterum virtute secundus,
Devovi: 'Solum Aeneas vocat.' Et vocet oro:
Nec Drances potius, sive est haec ira deorum,
Morte luat, sive est virtus et gloria, tollat(652).
Usque adeone mori miserum est? Vos o mihi Manes
Este boni, quoniam Superis aversa voluntas:
Sancta ad vos anima atque istius inscia culpae
Descendam, magnorum haut unquam indignus avorum(654).
di me terrent et Iuppiter hostis(655).
Ille meos primus qui me sibi iunxit amores
Abstulit: ille habeat secum servetque sepulchro(656).
Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat
Gentis honos; haerent infixi pectore voltus
Verbaque, nec placidam membris dat cura quietem(657).
Scilicet is Superis labor est! ea cura quietos
Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt,
Supplicia hausurum scopulis et nomine Dido
Saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens,
Et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus,
Omnibus umbra locis adero:--dabis, improbe, poenas:
Audiam, et haec Manes veniet mihi fama sub imos(659).
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor,
Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos,
Nunc, olim, quocunque dabunt se tempore vires(660).
Urbem praeclaram statui: mea moenia vidi:
Ulta virum, poenas inimico a fratre recepi:
Felix, heu! nimium felix, si litora tantum
Nunquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae(661).
moriemur inultae,
Sed moriamur, ait: sic, sic iuvat ire sub umbras.
Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto
Dardanus, et secum nostrae ferat omina mortis(662).
Tandem corripuit sese atque inimica refugit
In nemus umbriferum, coniunx ubi pristinus illi
Respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem(664).
furens quid femina possit:
Tempus erat quo prima quies mortalibus aegris
Sigaea igni freta lata relucent(667);
Horror ubique, animos simul ipsa silentia terrent(668).
'but evermore
Most weary seem'd the sea, weary the oar,
Weary the wandering fields of barren foam,'
is profoundly felt in the passage--
At procul in sola secretae Troades acta
Amissum Anchisen flebant cunctaeque profundum
Pontum adspectabant flentes; 'heu tot vada fessis
Et tantum superesse maris,' vox omnibus una(669).
agit ipse furentem
In somnis ferus Aeneas: semperque relinqui
Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur
Ire viam, et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra(670).
Di quibus imperium est animarum umbraeque silentes(671).
Post bellator equus positis insignibus Aethon
It lacrimans guttisque umectat grandibus ora.
Hastam alii galeamque ferunt, nam cetera Turnus
Victor habet. Tum moesta phalanx Teucrique sequuntur
Tyrrhenique omnes et versis Arcades armis(672).
Qualis in Eurotae ripis, aut per iuga Cynthi,
Exercet Diana choros, etc.,
Alexandrine poet--
Qualis, ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta(673), etc.
ingenti Sila, summove Taburno;
aut ipse, coruscis
Cum fremit ilicibus, quantus, gaudetque nivali
Vertice se attollens, pater Appenninus ad auras(675);
Sive Padi ripis Athesim seu propter amoenum(676).
Ceu septem surgens sedatis amnibus altus
Per tacitum Ganges, aut pingui flumine Nilus
Cum refluit campis et iam se condidit alveo(677).
(cum gentis adultos
It nigrum campis agmen, etc.
haeret lateri letalis harundo.
Quam multa in silvis autumni frigore primo
Lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terram gurgite ab alto
Quam multae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus
Trans pontum fugat et terris inmittit apricis(678).
qualem primo qui surgere mense
Aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila Lunam--
is almost a translation of the lines of Apollonius (iv. 1447)--
Purpureus veluti cum flos succisus aratro
Languescit moriens, lassove papavera collo
Demisere caput, pluvia cum forte gravantur(680);
and again--
Qualem, virgineo demessum pollice, florem,
Seu mollis violae, seu languentis hyacinthi,
Cui neque fulgor adhuc, nec dum sua forma recessit;
Non iam mater alit tellus, viresque ministrat(681)--
recall not only the thought and feeling of Homer--
Ast ego quae Divom incedo regina(683)
Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates,
Suscepitque ignem foliis atque arida circum
Nutrimenta dedit rapuitque in fomite flammam(684).
dignus, patriis qui laetior esset
Imperiis et cui pater haud Mezentius esset(685).
Tu ne cede malis sed contra audentior ito.
Disce puer virtutem ex me verumque laborem,
Fortunam ex aliis.
Aude, hospes, contemnere opes et te quoque dignum
Heu, fuge crudeles terras, fuge litus avarum(687).
'O passi graviora--'
'Vobis parta quies--'
'Dis aliter visum--'
'Di, si qua est caelo pietas--'
'Heu vatum ignarae mentes--'
'Iam pridem invisus superis et inutilis annos
'Si pereo hominum manibus periisse iuvabit--'
'Noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis--'
'Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda--'
'Impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum--'
'Quod te per caeli iucundum lumen et auras--'
'Tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore--'
'Securos latices et longa oblivia potant--(689)'
Disertus puer ac facetiarum.' Catullus xii. 8.
friends of Cicero and of Horace.
Non ego divitias patrum fructusque requiro
Quos tulit antiquo condita messis avo.
Nam tua cum multi versarent rura iuvenci
Abstulit excultas pertica tristis opes.
exolescentia iam ex nostra civitate,' etc.
Olympian and national gods, Apollo, Jupiter Tonans and Feretrius,
l'ancienne, et, sauf des infractions brillantes, il imprima a
propres ecrits, et dans l'habitude de sa pensee.'
dominationis aspiciebatur.' Tac. Ann. xiv. 31.
'Euhemerism,' than to the survival of the spirit of hero-worship,
laboriosissime exercuit.' Sueton. ii. 84.
Maecenatis erunt vera tropaea fides.
Et sumta et posita pace fidele caput.
triumphalium consulariumque potentia anteiit, diversus a veterum
instituto per cultum et munditias, copiaque et affluentia luxu
propior: suberat tamen vigor animi ingentibus negotiis par, eo
acrior quo somnum et inertiam magis ostentabat.'
Tollor Sabinos; seu mihi frigidum
Praeneste, seu Tibur supinum,
Seu liquidae placuere Baiae. Od. iii. 4. 21-24.
Magnae mentis opus nec de lodice paranda
Attonitae, currus et equos, faciesque Deorum
Aspicere, et qualis Rutulum confundat Erinnys, etc.
Art proof, and grateful cool dost yield
To oxen wearied with the plough,
And flocks that range afield.' Martin.
Hor. Ep. i. 14. 35: 'Prope rivum somnus in herba.'
Virg. Eclog. ii. 40: 'Nec tuta mihi valle reperti.'
Hor. Ep. i. 11. 10: 'Neptunum procul e terra spectare furentem.'
Neque Alexandrina beluata conchuliata tapetia.
Quis nisi Callimachus? Si plus adposcere visus,
Fit Mimnermus, et optivo cognomine crescit. Ep. ii. 2. 99.
Propertius may have been dead at the time when these lines were
published; but we may remember that the famous lines on 'Atticus'
'At Rome, of all earth's cities queen,
Men deign to rank me in the noble press
Of bards beloved of man: and now, I ween,
Doth envy's rancorous tooth assail me less.' Martin.
'O servile crew! how oft your antics mean
Have moved my laughter, oh, how oft my spleen.' Martin.
''Tis writing, writing now is all the rage.' Martin.
Disce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumque laborem,
or Horace's
Fortuna saevo laeta negotio,
Quod faciunt nobis annorum tempora, circum
Cum redeunt felusque ferunt variosque lepores.
connaitre.' Gaston Boissier.
Cp. 'Along the cool sequestered vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenour of their way.'
Octobres Maro consecravit Idus.
etiam in vetusto nomine apud Caes.' Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica, p.
His cheerful home with sweet young blossoms fills,
Like some stout Sabine, or the sunburnt bride
Of the lithe peasant of the Apulian hills.' Martin.
indicaret.
The resemblance of the name to the word virga is probably at the
root of this story.
tinkling cymbal of our empty youth.... I shape my course to the
blessed harbours, in search of the wise words of great Siron, and
bonne chere, ne sollicitant jamais aux distractions.'
Vergil unbegreiflich war.'
'Learn, my son, from me to bear yourself like a man and to strive
'An Orphic song indeed,
A song divine of high and passionate thoughts
To their own music chanted.'
Tu canis umbrosi subter pineta Galaesi
Thyrsin et attritis Daphnin harundinibus,
might suggest the inference that the seventh was composed at the
Namque sub Oebaliae memini me turribus arcis
originally suggested by Mr. Munro); may it have passed by gift or
thither?
delight be in the woods.'
sunny hill-sides.'
Ergo _tua_ rura manebunt--
Ille _meas_ errare boves--
Multa _meis_ exiret victima saeptis.
Fortunate senex.
supposition that Virgil gave a meaning to the words which was
misunderstood by his imitator.
mountain's crag.'
Saepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala.
I cannot tell you how they struck me. I was amused to find that
branches: the moment I saw you how utterly lost I was, how borne
astray by fatal passion.'
At mater viridis saltus orbata peragrans.
flatteur, ce chercheur complaisant de consolations pour les gens
prominent motive in Tennyson's 'Dora.'
A crowd of shepherds, with as sunburnt looks
As may be read of in Arcadian books;
Such as sat listening round Apollo's pipe,
When the great deity, for earth too ripe,
Let his divinity o'erflowing die,
In music, through the vales of Thessaly.'
To common lookers on, like one who dream'd
Of idleness in groves Elysian.'
'All those strains, which when attuned by Phoebus, Eurotas heard,
'Nam, quanta sit in Quinto fratre meo comitas, quanta iucunditas,
nihil attinet me ad te, qui ea nosti, scribere.'
wander at their will, even as you see'--'Ah! the hope of all my
flock, which she had just borne, she left on the bare flint
pavement'--'Go on, my she-goats, once a happy flock, go on.'
Ipse seram teneras maturo tempore vites
Rusticus et facili grandia poma manu.
Nec tamen interdum pudeat tenuisse bidentem, etc.
'Here green Mincio forms a fringe of soft reeds along his bank.'
vanquished, with Arcadia as umpire.'
'He found us when the age had bound
Our souls in its benumbing round,' etc.
rivers hurrying down through rocky glens.'
Ut cum carceribus missos,
and those at the end of Georg. i. 512,
Ut cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae,
contemporary 'Cantores Euphorionis,' Tusc. Disp. iii. 19.
Full-headed stand the shocks of grain.'
Weds to the widowed trees the vine.'
Our plains anew with fruitfulness.' Martin.
undoubtedly to revive some of the simple tastes and sentiments of
which, as we journey onward, we shall rejoice to catch at least
occasional glimpses.'
Aus_im_ vel tenui vitem committere sulco;
and again,
Neve _tibi_ ad solem vergant vineta cadentem, etc.
Maecenas, is right to turn up the soil, and wed the vine to the
Ego apis Matinae
More modoque, etc.
The importance of honey as a source of wealth is referred to by
Mommsen in his History of Rome, book v. chap. xi. 'A small
bee-breeder of this period sold from his thyme-garden, not larger
history.
attested. Besides, the introduction into the Georgics of such an
episode as the 'Pastor Aristaeus' requires some explanation.
Tantus amor florum et generandi gloria mellis,
is a fitting conclusion for the fine paragraph beginning
Nunc age, naturas apibus quas Iuppiter ipse, etc.
passage in the poem. Such bold changes as those introduced by
Exquirunt calidumque animis et cursibus acrem,
is weak for the concluding line of the paragraph, which ends much
Neptunique ipsa deducat origine gentem,
as it is Virgil's way to introduce his mythological illustrations
with Georgic ii. 380, 'Non aliam ob culpam,' etc.
'Shepherd's Calendar' familiar to Virgil's youth.
returns to them from us and brings back the day; and when the
morning sun breathes on us with the first breath of his panting
steeds, there the glowing star of evening is lighting up her late
makes no exception there in favour of Lucretius.
inured, for the sake of living, to ply, with pain and labour, the
ploughs: did not we, by turning up the fruitful clods with the
plough-share, and subduing the soil of the earth, call forth the
rains and chill frosts ruin them, and the blasts of the winds in
wild hurricane make them their sport.' Lucret. v. 206-217 (See
Atque haec ut certis possemus discere signis,
Aestusque pluviasque et agentis frigora ventos,
Ipse Pater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret.
Labor actus in orbem
Agricolis redit.
Omnia quae multo ante memor provisa repones.
Quae vigilanda viris.
Continuo in silvis magna vi flexa domatur, etc.
invocavit.'
Cf. also 'Sedem Iovis Optimi Maximi auspicato a maioribus pignus
imperii conditam,' etc. Tac. Hist. iii. 72; and 'Sed nihil aeque
quam incendium Capitolii, ut finem imperio adesse crederent,
Dum domus Aeneae Capitoli immobile saxum
Accolet, imperiumque pater Romanus habebit.
tempestatum cotidie volvitur.... Hanc, Patres Conscripti, curam
sustinet princeps, haec omissa funditus rem publicam trahet.'
forth the rushing stream: it as it falls awakens a hoarse murmur
among the smooth stones, and with its bubbling waters cools the
caves give shelter, and the shadow of some rock is cast far in
_b._ 'Rending them from the loving body of their mother.'
_c._ 'Will cast off their woodland spirit.'
_d._ 'And marvels at its strange leaves and fruits not its own.'
_e._ 'Lest the plants through the sudden change should fail to
recognise their mother.'
_f._ 'And the plants will lift up their hearts.'
_g._ 'By their strength they may become accustomed to mount aloft
_i._ 'Before that they shrink from the steel.'
Atque ipsae memores redeunt in tecta, suosque
_Pulveris exigui_ prope litus parva Matinum
thee into the deep groves; nor didst thou scorn his call.'
cast stones into the empty world, whence men, a hard race, were
down the channel of the river.'
unbought.'
stream purer than amber hurries to the plain.'
poussait gravement son _areau_ de forme antique, traine par deux
rendus _freres_, comme on les appelle dans nos campagnes, et qui,
compagnon et se laissent mourir de chagrin. Les gens qui ne
grattant du pied la place vide a ses cotes, flairant les jougs et
plus. II faudrait pouvoir l'engraisser pour l'abattre; mais il ne
The famous picture in Lucret. ii. 355-366,
At mater viridis ... notumque requirit,
shows a similar observation of the strength of bovine affection.
chambers, holding blazing torches in their right hands.'
take a cruel joy in the sad death of a brother; and hate and fear
The most classical of our own poets seems to combine both
representations with the thought and representation of an earlier
(Et quidam seros hiberni ad luminis ignes, etc.)
in the familiar stanza--
For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care;
No children run to meet their sire's return,
And climb his knees the envied kiss to share.
Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces.
It was from the necessities imposed by that site that Rome at an
early period became the largest urban community in Italy, and was
primitive hill-fortresses; the distinction between Rome and other
Sovereign-lord, born on Dicte, wielded the sceptre, and an unholy
crediderimus dicenti.'
graphic language. Virgil also fully describes the self-sowing of
equally great and observant of the details of woodcraft, and must
special attention to the description of the mistletoe in Book vi,
Aut impacatos a tergo horrebis Hiberos.
Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.'
'And now we passed
From Como, when the light was gray,
And in my head for half the day,
The rich Virgilian rustic measure
Of Lari Maxume, all the way,
Like ballad-burthen music, kept,' etc.,
are so familiarly known that they hardly need to be quoted in
Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens, Benace, marino.
Nec pietas ullast velatum saepe videri
Vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras;
Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu.
Hunc socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto;
Hac casti maneant in religione nepotes.
Venatu invigilant pueri, etc.
reverence yielded to parents.'
neque ille
Aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti.
Furius in decimo:
Rumoresque serunt varios et multa requirunt.
Nomine quemque vocans reficitque in proelia pulsos. Aen. xi.
Furius in undecimo:
Nomine quemque ciet; dictorum tempus adesse
Deinde infra:
Confirmat dictis simul atque exuscitat acres
Ad bellandum animos reficitque ad proelia mentes.
Archias nihil de me scripserit; ac vereor, ne, Lucullis quoniam
Graecum poema condidit, nunc ad Caecilianam fabulam spectet.'
auspices.'
distended) Furius will spit his white snows over the Alps in
winter-time.' The 'Furius' mentioned here is supposed to be M.
'I must essay a way by which I too may be able to rise above the
ground, and to speed triumphant through the mouths of men.'
destined to make ocean the boundary of his empire, the stars the
In his high mountain cradle in Pamere.'
Quando et priores hinc Lamias ferunt
Denominatos, et nepotum
Per memores genus omne fastos, etc.
purpose of the goddess. Yet she had heard that a new race was
issuing from Trojan blood, destined hereafter to overthrow the
Libya--so did the Parcae roll on the circling events.'
mighty ruin, through the open gateways of the Alps.'
settlement.'
with blood-stained lips.' Cf. the note on the passage in Servius:
Quod per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen
Qui rem Romanam Latiumque augescere vultis.
To farthest shores; where central waves
Part Africa from Europe, where
Nile's swelling current half the year
The plains with plenty laves.
Let earth's remotest regions still
Her conquering arms to glory call
Where scorching suns the long day fill,
Where mists and snows and tempests chill,
Hold reckless bacchanal.' Martin.
course, overthrown beneath their feet and governed.' vii. 98-101.
people equally pay homage to thee.' xii. 838-40.
Sponte sua veterisque dei se more tenentem.
inured to scanty fare, either subdues the soil with the harrow or
gather fresh booty and to live by foray.' ix. 603-613.
omen, divides with its stream flowing between them.' vii. 713-7.
Ufens gropes his way and hides himself in the sea.' vii. 797-802.
Sit Romana potens Itala virtute propago.
Usque adeo res humanas vis abdita quaedam
Opterit et pulchros fascis saevasque secures
Proculcare ac ludibrio sibi habere videtur.
stained a father's countenance with the pollution of death.' ii.
Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis
Pergameamque voco, et laetam cognomine gentem
Hortor amare focos, arcemque attollere tectis,--
Iura domosque dabam.
history.
revealed in their works, between the author of the Aeneid and the
achievements, this is the work of valour.' Aen. x. 467-9.
'limae labor' to his work.
wanderings over the deep are over."'
Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum
Constituam ante aras, voti reus, extaque salsos
Porriciam in fluctus, et vina liquentia fundam.
Quare agite, O iuvenes! tantarum in munere laudum
Cingite fronde comas et pocula porgite dextris.
Sun-worship.
Hic ames dici pater atque princeps.
first to lift up the fasces: this temple was their senate-house,
this the hall of their sacred banquets; here after sacrifice of a
formerly held proud sway in Asia over so many peoples and lands.'
derived from years the same.' xi. 173-4.
Cyclades spread over the sea, and the narrow waters studded with
frequent isles. The mariner's cheer arises with varying rivalry.'
ni, mixtus matre Sabella,
Hinc partem patriae traheret.
observes.... With his own hand, arrayed in the robe of state of
their hoarse accompaniment.' vii. 601-15.
exclusively on the 'violentia,' which is undoubtedly a strong
element in the character of the Italian hero. The antagonism of
Turnus to Aeneas, as of the Italians to the Trojans, he justly
regards as an instance of the strife of passion with law. If the
Greek drama suggested the ethical aspect of this strife, a
expers,' as illustrated in the wars of the Olympian Gods with the
'Molem propinquam nubibus arduis.'
there shall be strength to bring thee forth.'
touched our shore.'
Averse, as Dido did with gesture stern
From her false friend's approach in Hades, turn,
Wave us away, and keep thy solitude.'
Arcadians with arms reversed.'
Kennedy's notes.
departed--but the earth does not now nourish it and supply its
blew the spark within the fuel into a flame.'
'Learn from me, my child, to bear thee like a man and to strive
strenuously, from others learn to be fortunate.'
'Have the courage, stranger, to despise riches, and mould thyself