human
Look ... at Switzerland. Environed by ambitious neighbours far superior in power, her institutions have well stood the severe trial of time. She has her Central Diet and Ministry, vigorous enough; but also in her several cantons she has local legislatures, each with well-trained soldiers, simply because every man is bound to learn the use of arms, as Englishmen used to be; therefore they need no standing army.... Italy also has local legislatures which belonged to independent States--Sicily, Naples, Piedmont, Tuscany, and so on--besides her National Parliament.... In Hungary notoriously the national spirit has been maintained for three centuries and a half ... solely by the independent energy of the local institutions.... The seven united provinces of Holland similarly prove the vitality of freedom and good order when free local power is combined with a strong centre.... And on a far greater scale we have... an illustrious example in the United States--a mighty monarchy and a mighty republic.... The American Union started in that advanced stage. It is a cluster of some thirty-seven States, each with its own legislature, for all which, and for the outlying territories, the Federal Parliament also legislates. Contrast their condition with ours. Only of late has their population outrun ours. They have thirty-eight legislative systems: we have one only. Surely our system is a barbarous simplicity. France ... goes beyond us. Nay, our Indian centralization is worse still. No virtue, no wisdom in rulers can make up when the defect of organs lays on them enormous duties.
gpt
and not of mere town populations.
human
All parts and ranks of the local community are then forced to take interest in local concerns. Each province becomes a normal school for Parliament, and a ladder by which all high talent of poor men may rise.
gpt
Europe of the Near Future (1871) he treats it at greater scope, chiefly in regard to the Franco-German War. In
human
Deliberations before War (1859) Newman takes the two points of view from which the question of war is as a rule regarded--the Moral and the International. The first considers if a war is a just one or no, and considers the prosecutor of an unjust war as neither more nor less than a robber. The International (or second)
gpt
As Newman very rightly says, however, there is a third point of view, which he calls the
human
National. I shall quote his words regarding this third view.
gpt
Inasmuch as the whole nation is implicated in a war, when once it is undertaken-- inasmuch as we all have the same national disgrace if it is unjust, the same suffering if it is tedious, the same loss if it is expensive--it is an obvious principle of justice ... that every side of the nation should be heard to plead against it by its legitimate representatives.
human
He believes himself, he says, that