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State governments may be {154} legitimately created by a minority of the lawful voters against the will of a majority of the lawful voters, and that, too, not by allowing that minority to demonstrate its political superiority to the majority by greater intelligence, or shrewder management, or even by brute force, _but by the aid of power coming from without_. Now this is not, in correct political science,
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State government in a federal system, autonomous local government, at all. It is provincial government in local affairs, more or less complete as the necessity for the outside aid is more or less continuous. The Republicans had denounced the Johnson
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State governments upon the ground, among other grounds, that they were minority governments, minority governments in the vague and uncertain sense that not a majority of the adult males had been enfranchised, and not in the clear and distinct and unmistakable sense that a minority of the enfranchised, supported by the military power of the United States, might impose its will upon a majority of the enfranchised. There was nothing disloyal in the registered voters of Alabama giving Congress to understand that a majority of them preferred the continuance of the military régime, or the creation of a Territorial government for them by Congress, to the
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State constitution offered them. But it was utter self-stultification for Congress to take the ground that the Johnson
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State governments were unrepublican because they did not enfranchise all adult males of whatever race, color, or condition of mind or estate and overthrow them on that ground, and then proceed to create new
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State