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was in Saxon times employed to designate a finer or superior kind of bread or cake. It occurs in the
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Lay of Havelock the Dane, a French romance, abridged by Geoffroi Gaimer, the Anglo-Norman trouvère. This
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Le Lai de Aveloc, Professor Morley says, belongs to the first half of the twelfth century. He considers it to have been founded on
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The lay says that when the fisherman Grim, the founder of the town of Grimsby,
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SIMNEL CAKES.--A well-known Lancashire antiquary some time since stated that this term 'originally meant the _very finest_ bread, _Pain demain_ is another term for it, on account of its having been used as _Sunday bread_' (if a conjecture may be hazarded, it is possible there may be some connexion with the shew bread and heathen votive offerings, as in India and China) 'at the Sacrament. The name appears in Mediæval Latin as _simanellus_, and may thus have been derived from the Latin _simila_--fine flour. In Wright's 'Vocabularies' it appears thus:--'_Hic artocopus--symnelle._' This form was in use during the fifteenth century. In the 'Dictionarius' of John de Garlande, compiled at Paris in the thirteenth century, it appears thus:--'_Simeneus--placentæ_--simnels.' Such cakes were stamped with the figure of Christ or of the Virgin.' Is it not a little singular that this custom of making these cakes, and also the practice of assembling in one place to eat them, should be confined to Bury? Such is the fact. No other town or district in the United Kingdom is known to keep up such a custom.[20] As stated above, much labour has been expended to trace its origin, but without success.
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or spiced ale on that day. The word is believed to be derived from the ancient British _bragawd_, which signifies a liquor of this class. The Braggat ales drunk on Braggat Sunday have, no doubt, intimate connection with the buns and cake of the other spring festivities. The solid and fluid elements, in some form or other, appear to be indispensable in all festive gatherings, religious or otherwise. Bacchus and Ceres, or Dionysos and Dêmetêr, were jointly honoured at the festivals attendant upon the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. Shakspere makes Sir Toby Belch exclaim, on Malvolio's interference with their noisy festive roystering,
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Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale?
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are described as
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Peas boiled on Care Sunday, _i.e._, the Sunday before Palm Sunday.
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Parched peas, or peas fried in pepper, butter, and salt, form yet a favourite dish amongst the poorer classes in the north of England on
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Carling Sunday. A tradition, indeed, still exists, which asserts that, during a very severe famine, a vessel opportunely arrived in one of the ports, laden with a cargo of peas, to the great delight of the inhabitants; and the
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There is a great deal of learning in Erasmus's Adages concerning the _religious use of beans_, which were thought to belong to the dead. An observation which he gives us of Pliny, concerning Pythagoras's interdiction of this pulse is highly remarkable. It is '_that beans contain the souls of the dead_.' For which cause also they were used in the PARENTALIA. He further adds:
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Ridiculous and absurd as these superstitions may appear, yet it is certain that our carlings thence deduce their origin.
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customs referred to, on Mid-Lent Sunday? Amongst other objects of the Roman ceremonial, it appears that of an atonement to the ghosts of the departed was included. The storing of peas and beans for the Lenten season was carefully attended to in the middle ages, especially at the religious houses. A French work, printed at Paris, in 1565, entitled
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Quadragesimale Spirituale,
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After salad we eat _fried beanes_, by which we understand confession. When we would have _beanes well sooden, we lay them in steepe, otherwise they will never seeth kindly_. Therefore, if we propose to amend our faults, it is not sufficient barely to confess them at all adventure, but we must let our confession lie in steepe in the water of Meditation. He further adds:
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River water, which continually moveth, runneth and floweth, is _very good for the seething of pease_.
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Referring to peas as an element of the Aryan mythology, Walter Kelly says;
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The plant and the fruit are in some way or other related to celestial fire. It may be that they were regarded in this light because they belong to the class of creeping or climbing plants to which such relations were pre-eminently attributed; at all events, the fact that they represented something in the vegetation of the sky is substantiated by numerous details in their mythical history.