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No less explicit is the written testimony of Walther, the court chaplain of Ulrich II of East Friesland, 1637:
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These infernal courtiers, among whom I am compelled to live against my will, doubt those truths which even the heathen have learned to believe. [1214] In Germany as in France the freethinking which thus grew up during the religious war expanded after the peace. As usual, this is to be gathered from the orthodox propaganda against it, setting out in 1662 with a Preservative against the Pest of Present-day Atheists, [1215] by one Theophilus Gegenbauer. So far was this from attaining its end that there ensued ere long a more positive and aggressive development of freethinking than any other country had yet seen. A wandering scholar, Matthias Knutzen of Holstein (b. 1645), who had studied philosophy at Königsberg, went about in 1674 teaching a hardy Religion of Humanity, rejecting alike immortality, God and Devil, churches and priests, and insisting that conscience could perfectly well take the place of the Bible as a guide to conduct. His doctrines are to be gathered chiefly from a curious Latin letter, [1216] written by him for circulation, headed Amicus Amicis Amica; and in this the profession of atheism is explicit:
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Insuper Deum negamus.