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Library. Its many translations from the English and French freethinkers, older and newer, concurred with native work to spread a deistic rationalism, labelled Aufklärung, or enlightenment, through the whole middle class of Germany. [1312] Native writers in independent works added to the propaganda. Andreas Riem (1749-1807), a Berlin preacher, appointed by Frederick a hospital chaplain, [1313] wrote anonymously against priestcraft as no other priest had yet done.
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No class of men, he declared, in language perhaps echoed from his king,
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[1314] Georg Schade (1712-1795), who appears to have been one of the believers in the immortality of animals, and who in 1770 was imprisoned for his opinions in the Danish island of Christiansoe, was no less emphatic, declaring, in a work on Natural Religion on the lines of Tindal (1760), that
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[1315] Constructive work of great importance, again, was done by J. B. Basedow (1723-1790), who early became an active deist, but distinguished himself chiefly as an educational reformer, on the inspiration of Rousseau's Émile, [1316] setting up a system which
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[1317] and becoming in virtue of that one of the most popular writers of his day. It is latterly admitted even by orthodoxy that school education in Germany had in the seventeenth century become a matter of learning by rote, and that such reforms as had been set up in some of the schools of the Pietists had in Basedow's day come to nothing. [1318] As Basedow was the first to set up vigorous reforms, it is not too much to call him an instaurator of rational education, whose chief fault was to be too far ahead of his age. This, with the personal flaw of an unamiable habit of wrangling in all companies, caused the failure of his
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Philanthropic Institute,