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and we have in the notes to his
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West-Östliche Divan the celebrated analysis of the three forms of translation. He there says,
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Translation is of three kinds: First, the prosaic prose translation, which is useful in enriching the language of the translator with new ideas, but gives up all poetic art, and reduces even the poetic enthusiasm to one level watery plain. Secondly, the re-creation of the poem as a new poem, rejecting or altering all that seems foreign to the translator's nationality, producing a paraphrase which might, in the primal sense of the word, be called a parody. And, thirdly, ... the highest and last, where one strives to make the translation identical with the original; so that one is not instead of the other, but in the place of the other. This sort of translation ... 'approaches the interlinear version, and makes the understanding of the original a much easier task; thus we are led into the original,--yes, even driven in; and herein the great merit of this kind of translation lies.'
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On the Translation of Faust even if left to himself in making his version, could ever have reached the highest point attained by Goethe, from the mere difference between the two languages with which he and his original had to deal. The charm of Longfellow's earlier versions is, after all, an English charm, and perhaps the quality of Dante can no more be truthfully transmuted into this than we can transmute the charms of a spring morning into those of a summer afternoon, or violets into roses. Goethe, it is well known, took for his model as to the language of
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Faust the poetry of Hans Sachs, Longfellow's
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and Dante's terse monosyllables were based upon the language of the people, which he first embodied in art. To mellow its refreshing brevities would perhaps be to destroy it, and that which Mr. Andrews finely says of the
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Faust may be still more true of the
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Divina Commedia, that it
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So Mr. W. C. Lawton, himself an experienced translator from the Greek, says of Longfellow's work,
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His great version is but a partial success, for it essays the unattainable.