with Oliver Bullough crediting the Russian Empire with "the first modern genocide on European soil",Bullough, Oliver. 2010. Let Our Fame be Great: journeys among the defiant people of the Caucasus. London: Allen Lane. Page 8: "In what was the first modern genocide on European soil – fifty years before Turkey’s Armenians were butchered, ninety years before the holocaust – perhaps as many as 300,000 Circassians died from hunger, violence, drowning and disease when Russia expelled them from their lands on their final defeat in 1864."
