The wasp Dinocampus coccinellae is both an endoparasite and ectoparasite of ladybugs. The wasp injects an egg into the beetle's abdomen, where the larva feeds on its haemolymph. When grown and ready to pupate the larva exits its host, which remains immobile, and weaves a cocoon on its underside, where it pupates. Were a predator to approach, the beetle would twitch its limbs, scaring the predator off. This use of the host as a protection has been termed as bodyguard manipulation. Similarly, several parasitic wasps induce their spider hosts to build stronger webs to protect the growing parasites.
