Biancolelli was the daughter of actors Domenico Biancolelli (1636-1688), who was famous for playing Harlequin, and Orsola Cortesi (1637-1718), who played an innamorata named Eularia. Her grandmother was the actress Isabella Franchini Biancolelli, who had also played Colombina. Caterina Biancolelli and her family were members of the Comédie-Italienne troupe Ancienne Troupe de la Comedia Italienne, which performed in France.
