In June 2005, the United States replaced the PSIReveron, Derek S., Murer, Jeffery StevensonFlashpoints in the War on Terrorism, Routledge, 2013, with the launch of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI/TSCTP) for Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Senegal and Nigeria,Morgan, M. Woolsey, R. James, The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything?, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, with the support from the Department of Defense's Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS).
