The "Irukandji" jellyfish are known for their deadly and fast acting toxins. Irukandji stings are the highest occupational safety hazard for Marine industries in Australia and the Indo-pacfic ocean. The known "Irukandji" jellies include species: Malo Maxima, Malo Kingi, Carukia shinju, Carybdea xaymacana, Alatina mordens, Gerongia rikinae, and Morbakka fenneri. Malo jellies release venom from the tips of the nematocyst. The venom from a single sting can take 20-60 minutes to induce "Irukandji syndrome". When stung the pain is mild with minor inflammation at the sting location. The symptoms progressively get more severe as time goes. Symptoms include: muscle cramps, vomiting, sweating, agitation, vasoconstriction, prostration, hypertension, and severe envenomation, and acute heart failure. The toxins induce modulation of neuronal sodium channels leading to massive release of endogenous catecholamine (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Causing membrane leakage of troponin, cerebral edema, priapism, and death in some cases.
