The history of the Roman Catholic church in Tambov begins after the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1863, when thousands of Catholic Poles were deported to the Tambov region, where many eventually settled down. In 1896, the collection of funds for construction was started, and on May 25, 1903, the first church service was held, although there were only temporary altars, and there were no images and banners. Construction was done by Teofil Svirchevsky. A few years later, the interior decoration and installation of the icons was completed. The cathedral was made in the Gothic style, unique not only for Tambov, but for the entire central Russia. A parish was established in the church and a Catholic priest was appointed, who was subordinate to the Metropolitan of Mogilev.
