One of the differences between nursing as an occupation in Spain and in Anglo-Saxon culture was Anglo-Saxon women's nursing had deep roots in the feminist movement.  It lacked this in Spain, where nursing was viewed as a lower rung in the broader Spanish medical hierarchy.  Even in the face of international programs like the Red Cross and visiting medical professionals from abroad, Spanish medicine resisted making its hierarchy and teaching practices less sexist.  Men and women received different training for the same roles, be it being a midwife, nurse or medical practitioner.  Training for women was focused on maintaining the woman's virtue and on her alleged inferior intellect.   In Francoist Spain, female nurses were treated as carers, while male nurses were treated as healers.  This was a result of gender biases in teaching, and in gender biases around the concept of the scientific knowledge possessed by each gender and how it is expressed in a medical context.  Caring was more centered around the home, while healing was done outside the home; this system comported with Spanish gender roles.
