In other cases the dative ligand has been observed to be twisted out of the BR3 plane due to steric crowding. This nonplanar geometry leads to a reduction in pi-donation to the boron center, making it even more electron-deficient. It has been found that increased localization of charge on the boron increases the Lewis acidity of the borocation. The Gutmann–Beckett method has been used by many researchers in this field to benchmark the Lewis acidities of these cations.
