There has been a rapid increase in evidence-based research and journal publications on the topic (e.g. for Africa and AsiaOxfam (2016). Septage Management Leader’s Guidebook – Philippines Edition. Oxfam, UKWRC (2015). The Status of Faecal Sudge Management in Eight Southern and East African Countries. WRC Report No. KV 340/15, prepared for the Sanitation Research Fund for Africa (SRFA) Project of the Water Research Commission (WRC), Pretoria, South Africa, ). There are rapidly evolving technology developments along the entire service chain. Some have the potential to alter the existing service chain, such as container-based sanitation, decentralized options, and innovations developed through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ‘Reinvent the Toilet Challenge’ since at least 2012.Chowdhry, S., Koné, D. (2012). Business Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia – Draft final report. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Wash.
