In a study done by the University of Massachusetts, the sol-gel process was employed to prepare a dual-layer film using layers composed of silica and fluorocarbon. The silica layer was selected to enhance durability and placed at the glass-film interface, while the fluorocarbon layer was placed at the film-air interface and incorporated a specific surface roughness into the design. The process involved the following distinct steps: preparing both the silica sol and water-repellent solutions, spraying the solution onto the glass, treating the glass through drying, and treating through heating.
