A sample in hand can be checked for fluid inclusions ("bubbles") versus remote sensing, or even contact science; most volatiles are lost at a depth greater than the skin depth. Near- and mid-IR spectroscopy are also easier at benchtop range. Other measurements of water include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nanoSIMS; energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and eventually thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)- driving off any water content.
