Chowdhury's political career began when he was elected as the chairman of the Chandpur Local Board in 1920. He was elected several times consecutively, and served as chairman of Chandpur Local Board until 1940. In 1930, he was elected as the chairman of the Tippera District Board, which covered Brahmanbaria, Chandpur and Tippera subdivisions. He again was elected several times consecutively in this position too, serving until 1959. On 16 May 1958, his silver jubilee was celebrated in Comilla. Chowdhury was also a longtime chairman of the All-Bengal District Board Chairman Association, which covered all the districts of the Bengal Presidency. He was invited to the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1906, which was hosted by the Nawab of Dhaka Khwaja Salimullah in Shahbag, and thus became a founding member of the All-India Muslim League. Chowdhury was a longtime member of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League's working committee and served as the president of its Tippera branch from 1935 to 1958. In 1937, he contested in the 1937 Bengal legislative elections as a Muslim League candidate and won a seat in the Chandpur West constituency. During the campaign in January, he hosted Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Comilla in front of 40 thousand people, and Jinnah was said to have stated that it was the largest reception that he attended in Bengal. He preserved his seat for a second term following the 1946 legislative elections.
