In earlier periods, the goddess was known as simply Sunü. The name has been variously translated as the "Immaculate Lady," "Immaculate Maiden," the "Pure Girl," or the "White Madam" in English. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the author created the title Jiutian Sunü (九天素女), adding "[of the] Nine Heavens", to refer to the goddess..
