The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the President's authority as commander-in-chief extends to the "independent authority to repel aggressive acts ... without specific congressional authorization" and without court review of the "level of force selected".Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F.3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2000 Whether such declarations applying to foreign intelligence are or must be in compliance with FISA has been examined by few courts.
