Despite those efforts, Christian publications in Vietnam continued to use either Latin or the traditional Vietnamese chữ Nôm, rather than the simpler alphabetic Quốc ngữ, for the next 200 years. Quốc ngữ gained only predominance after the French invasion of 1861 and the establishment of French Indochina.Vietnamese tradition on trial, 1920–1945 By David G. Marr, p.145
