A scale can be established if one refers to the Hofmeister series or looks up the free energy of hydrogen bonding (\Delta G_{\rm HB}) of the salts, which quantifies the extent of hydrogen bonding of an ion in water. For example, the kosmotropes and have \Delta G_{\rm HB} between 0.1 and 0.4 J/mol, whereas the chaotrope has a \Delta G_{\rm HB} between −1.1 and −0.9.
