* 1991 – Henry G. Houghton Award for research in physical meteorology, awarded by the American Meteorological Society
* 1994 – Solomon Saddle (), a snow saddle at about  elevation, named in her honor
* 1994 – Solomon Glacier (), an Antarctic glacier named in her honor
* 1999 – National Medal of Science, awarded by the President of the United States
* 2000 – Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, awarded by the American Meteorological Society
* 2004 – Blue Planet Prize,  awarded by the Asahi Glass Foundation
* 2006 – V. M. Goldschmidt Award
* 2006 – Inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame
* 2007 – William Bowie Medal, awarded by the American Geophysical Union
* 2007 — Prix Georges Lemaître
* 2007 – As a member of IPCC, which received half of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, she shared a stage receiving the prize with Al Gore (who received the other half).
* 2008 – Grande Médaille (Great Medal) of the French Academy of Sciences
* 2008 – Foreign Member of the Royal Society
*2008 – Member of the American Philosophical Society
* 2009 – Volvo Environment Prize, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
* 2009 – Inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame
* 2010 – Service to America Medal, awarded by the Partnership for Public Service
* 2012 – Vetlesen Prize, for work on the ozone hole, shared with Jean Jouzel. She was the first woman to receive this prize.
* 2013 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Climate Change category
* 2015 – Honorary Doctorate (honoris causa) from Brown University.
* 2017 – Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship by the National Academy of Sciences for substantive work in atmospheric chemistry and climate change
* 2018 – Bakerian Lecture
* 2018 – Crafoord Prize in Geosciences
* 2019 – Made one of the members of the inaugural class of the Government Hall of Fame
*2021 – On 31 July she was [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2021/07/31/210731a.html appointed] as ordinary Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
*2021 –  2021 Future of Life Award (Ozone Layer)
*2021 – NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society
*2023 – Honorary Doctorate from Duke University
*2023 – Female Innovator Prize from the VinFuture Foundation