I roto i te 1920s, Michael Heidelberger ko Oswald Avery i kite e taea te whakatakotoria antigens e antibodies whai wāhi, ka haere i runga i ki te whakaatu e hanga antibodies o pūmua. i kitea nga āhuatanga koiora o te antigen-antibody-hononga pāhekoheko i roto i atu taipitopito i roto i te mutunga o te 1930s e John Marrack. i te mua nui i muri i te i te 1940s, ka whakapumautia Linus Pauling te raka-me-ki ariā tūtohutia e Ehrlich e whakaatu e te pāhekoheko i waenganui i antibodies me antigens atu i runga i to ratou ahua i to ratou hanganga matū. i roto i te 1948, kitea Astrid Fagreaus pūtau B, i roto i te ahua o ngā pūtau plasma, i te kawenga mō te whakaputa antibodies. arotahi atu mahi i runga i te tohu i te hanganga o te pūmua antibody. i mua i enei rangahau nui i kitea i roto i te tīmatanga o te 1960s e John Marrack. i roto i te tīmatanga o enei pūtaiao
te whakaahua i ngā hanganga o ngā pūmua ārai mate.