Tirohia te wāhanga i raro nei, kātahi ka whakautu i te pātai i muri mai i te reo kotahi me te wāhanga:  Passage: I a ia e whakawhanake ana i te Theory o Maxwell, i mohio a J. J. Thomson (1881) he uaua ake te whakaoho i nga tinana kua utua atu i nga tinana kaore i utua. Ko ngā āpure hiko e mahi ana me te mea ka tāpirihia e rātau he "rahi hiko" ki te taumaha pūkaha o nga tinana. Arā, e ai ki a Thomson, he ōrite te pūngao hiko ki tētahi papatipu. I whakamāramatia tēnei hei momo whakaurunga whaiaro o te āpure hiko. I kite hoki ia e piki haere ana te taumaha o tētahi tinana e neke ana i runga i te nui pūmau. Ko te mahi a Thomson i haere tonu me te tino pai na FitzGerald, Heaviside (1888), me George Frederick Charles Searle (1896, 1897). Mo te papatipu hiko i hoatu e ratou <unk> i roto i te tohu hou <unk> te tātai  Patai: He aha te tikanga o te papatipu hiko?
whakaurunga-a-whaiaro o te mara hiko