Tirohia te wāhanga i raro nei, kātahi ka whakautu i te pātai i muri mai i te reo kotahi me te wāhanga:  Passage: Ko te quanta o te āpure gauge Abelian me kore te taumaha, he bosons kore utu, i te mea kaore i pakaru te taurite; na reira, ko te photon e matapae ana kia kore te taumaha, kia kore te utu hiko me te hurihuri tau. Ko te ahua motuhake o te taunekeneke hiko e tohu ana me huri te photon ± 1; na reira, ko tona helicity me  Pātai: E hia ngā pūngao hiko o ngā proton o ngā āpure Abelian?
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