I roto i te whakautu ki nga pepa e rua na W.V.O. Quine (1960, 1967), i whakamahia e Lewis (1969) te ariā kēmu ki te whakawhanake i tetahi kaute hinengaro o te tikanga. I roto i te mahi pera, i whakaratohia e ia te tātari tuatahi o te matauranga noa, ka whakamahia i roto i te tātari i te tākaro i roto i ngā kēmu mahi tahi. I tua atu, i whakaaro tuatahi ia e taea e tetahi te mohio ki te tikanga i roto i ngā o ngā kēmu tohu. Kua whai tenei whakaaro i muri mai e maha rapunga whakaaro mai i Lewis. I muri i Lewis (1969) game-ariā pūkete o ngā tikanga, Edna Ullmann-Margalit (1977) me Bicchieri (2006) kua whakawhanakehia nga ariā o ngā tikanga pāpori e tautuhi ia ratou rite Nash equilibria e puta i te huri i te kēmu-motive ranunga ki te kēmu mahi tahi. Kua whakamahia hoki e Lewis (1969) te ariā kēmu ki te whakaaro i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te epistemology pāhekoheko: he aha te tikanga o te reira ki te mahi tahi i roto i te whakaaro o te tikanga pāpori
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