Tirohia te wāhanga i raro nei, kātahi ka whakautu i te pātai i muri mai i te reo kotahi me te wāhanga:  I te tau 1848, i te wa e mahi ana a James B. Francis, hei kaiwhakahaere matua mo te kamupene Locks and Canals i te taone nui o Lowell, Massachusetts, i te taone nui o Lowell, Massachusetts, i whakapai ake i enei hoahoa ki te hanga i nga turbine kaha ake. I whakamahia e ia ngā tikanga pūtaiao me ngā tikanga whakamātautau hei whakaputa i tētahi hoahoa turbine tino pai. He mea nui ake, nā ana tikanga tātai me ngā tātai whakairoiro i whakapai ake te hoahoa me te pūkaha o te pūkaha. Nā ana tikanga tātari i āhei ai te hoahoa o ngā pūkaha pūkaha nui kia ōrite tika ki te rerenga wai me te pēhanga o tētahi wāhi (te upoko wai).  Pātai: He aha te mea i whakapai ake a James Francis?
te hoahoa me te pūkaha pūkaha