I roto i te hiko, ko te painga he mehua o te kaha o te ara iahiko e rua-tauranga (he maha nga wa he kaiwhakawhanake) ki te whakanui ake i te mana, i te whanui ranei o te tohu mai i te tomokanga ki te tauranga putanga ma te taapiri i te kaha kua hurihia mai i etahi mana ki te tohu. Ko te tikanga kua tautuhia hei toharite toharite o te kaha o te tohu, te mana ranei i te tauranga putanga ki te whanui, te mana ranei i te tauranga whakauru. I te nuinga o te waa ka whakaatuhia ma te whakamahi i nga waahanga logarithmic decibel (dB) ("dB gain"). Ko te painga nui atu i te kotahi (nui atu i te kore dB), ko te whakareatanga, ko te ahuatanga o te waahanga kaha, i te mea he iti iho i te kotahi te painga. Ko te kupu whai hua anake he rereke, ka taea te tohu ki te toenga o te putanga ki te ngaohiko (voltage), te kaha o te kaha (current) ranei (histor). I roto i nga waahanga whakahaere o te mana whakawhiti me te kaha ki te kaha ki te
"beta", te ōwehenga pūmau o Ic wehea e Ib i tētahi wāhi whakahaere