Pasal: Liquefaction of helium (4He) with the precooled Hampson<unk>Linde cycle led to a Nobel Prize for Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1913. At ambient pressure the boiling point of liquefied helium is 4.22 K (−268.93 °C). Below 2.17 K liquid 4He becomes a superfluid (Nobel Prize 1978, Pyotr Kapitsa) and shows characteristic properties such as heat conduction through second sound, zero viscosity and the fountain effect among others. Pertanyaan: Iraha Heike Kamerlingh meunangkeun Hadiah Nobel?
Taun 1913