x-tex">y_{k,j}</annotation></semantics></math>
due to random errors
<math display="inline" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><msub><mtext mathvariant="normal">se</mtext><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{se}_{k,j}</annotation></semantics></math>.</p>
<p>Mathematically, we can describe such a model as:
<math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mtable><mtr><mtd columnalign="right" style="text-a