an that &quot;X is a study of ways to do Y, with an eye to ways that one may attain Z&quot;.
A normative science that arrogates itself to any degree of success will embody claims
to have knowledge (Latin &quot;scientia&quot;) as to how one who aims for Z ought to conduct Y.
These knowledge claims are often expressed in pieces of advice called &quot;heuristics&quot;,
&quot;maxims&quot;, &quot;norms of conduct&quot;, &quot;precepts&quot;, and so on.  I recognize that there are
those who would consider this to