nces in outcome that cannot be attributed to initial severity or age, we can still say something meaningful about treatment effects. Nevertheless, there could always be other confounding factors that we haven’t though of. As such, conclusions about causality (whether it is truly the difference in medication that caused a difference in outcome), are not as straightforward in observational studies.</p>
</div>
<div id="data" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Data</h2>