{\mathcal{S}_+},F_{\mathcal{S}_-}) \geqslant 1\)</span>, which explicitly quantifies that the subsamples are distributionally far apart. (In fact it is equal to <span class="math inline">\(1\)</span>, since <span class="math inline">\(d_\text{TV}\)</span> cannot exceed <span class="math inline">\(1\)</span> as was mentioned earlier.)
</details><p><br> The example above and its generalization show that even if our data originates from a single population, statistical heterogeneity may still arise in finite s