rom a MANOVA model. Two different approaches can
be used: (I) a test statistic that takes into account the genetic and environmental effects and (II) a test 
statistic that only considers the genetic information. The first type refers to tests based on the mean 
cross-products ratio, whose distribution is obtained via Monte Carlo simulation of Wishart matrices. The 
second way of testing genetic covariance refers to tests based upon an adaptation of Wilks' and Pillai's 
statistics for evaluating indepe