termines
whether or not <span class="math inline">\(r_{i}\)</span> is an outlier,
as the level at which the null-hypothesis <span class="math display">\[
H_{0}: r_{i}^2 \sim \chi^{2}_{m}
\]</span> is rejected for some critical value <span class="math inline">\(1 - \alpha\)</span>. Choosing the significance
level <span class="math inline">\(\alpha = 0.05\)</span> the appropriate
<span class="math inline">\(c\)</span> threshold value becomes</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="downlit sourceCode 