ance or to the presence of some signal.</p>
<p>If we have enough information about the population to describe its distribution reasonably accurately (e.g., as a mixture of Gaussians like in the example above), then we could compute the probability of observing the particular finite sample, or at least estimate this probability, say by estimating the distributional parameters using maximum likelihood estimators obtained from the finite sample. We can then reject or accept the null hypothesis that our finite 