<span class="math inline">\(\mathbf{X}\)</span>.</p>
<p><span class="math display">\[\frac{P(D = 1 \mid E = 1, \mathbf{X} )}{P(D = 1 \mid E = 0, \mathbf{X})}\]</span></p>
<p>Generally speaking, when exposure variable of <span class="math inline">\(E\)</span> is continuous or ordinal, we can define adjusted relative risks as ratio between probability of observing <span class="math inline">\(D = 1\)</span> when <span class="math inline">\(E = z+1\)</span> over <span class="math inline">\(E = z\)</span> condit