k repulsion, if the current <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(I\)</span> is large - strong repulsion, therefore, the emmittance can be discarded and the flow can be considered laminar. Obviously, a quantitative criterion for the applicability of laminar flow is as follows:</p>
<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
\[\displaystyle\sqrt {\frac {2I} {I_a (\beta\gamma) ^ 3}}\gg\sqrt {\frac {\epsilon} {\beta}}.\]</div>
<p>It can be seen that the space charge affects the envelope more where the <s