on is required to </span>
<span class="sd">    cross the boundary. Smaller the required the perturbation, closer the point is to the boundary.</span>
<span class="sd"> </span>
<span class="sd">    **Basic Iterative Method (BIM)**: Given a base input, the approach is to perturb each</span>
<span class="sd">    feature in the direction of the gradient by magnitude :math:`\\epsilon`, where is a</span>
<span class="sd">    parameter that determines perturbation size. For a model with loss</span>
<span cla