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Figure 1.1: Paul the octopus predicts Spain to win the final of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Source: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/09/psychic-octopus-paul-picks-spain">The Guardian</a>
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<p>Paul began his career during the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament. In the lead-up to Germany’s international football matches, Paul was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food (a mussel or an oyster). Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one