). Using
distributional notation, we can describe the data generating process as
a multi-stage sampling procedure. In a nutshell, we assume the existence
of an overall mean effect
<math display="inline" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mi>μ</mi><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mu</annotation></semantics></math>.
Next, we assume that the effect sizes in each district
<math display="inline" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</m