tand these differences, in part because statistical analysis languages (such as R) often distinguish between them.</p>
<p><strong>Binary numbers</strong>. The simplest are binary numbers – that is, zero or one. We will often use binary numbers to represent whether something is true or false, or present or absent. For example, I might ask 10 people if they have ever experienced a migraine headache, recording their answers as “Yes” or “No”. It’s often useful to instead use <em>logical</em> values,