ut **counterfactuals.**
* **The Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference:** We can only ever observe one of the **potential outcomes.**
* A difference in means gives the **treatment effect** plus **selection bias.**

Key differences among the 3 goals:
1. **Focus:** Prediction focuses on the outcome `\(\color{#6A5ACD}{\hat{Y_{i}}}\)`, causal inference on a coefficient `\(\color{#e64173}{\hat{\beta_0}}\)`.
2. **Selection bias** is a problem for causal inference, but not predictive or descriptive analysis.
3. *