., location, age) on a
spatially-explicit landscape and simulates resource birth, individual
movement between landscape cells, interaction with the landscape, and
death; the discrete nature of resources causes demographic
stochasticity, and therefore uncertainty. This sub-model is unique in
not relying on other sub-models because ecological dynamics can be
simulated in the absence of observation and management. (2) Observation
is modelled in one of three ways: resource counting on a subset of
landscape cell