pan></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>Shear</em>: <span class="arithmatex">\(\alpha = T_{12}\)</span> and <span class="arithmatex">\(F_\alpha = (y-y_0)F_x(z) + (x-x_0)F_y(z)\)</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>(c) As we move to the digitized <span class="arithmatex">\(16 \times 16\)</span> pixels, we need to evaluate <span class="arithmatex">\(F_x\)</span> and <span class="arithmatex">\(F_y\)</span> at the same set of lattice points. We can just smooth the image first and then use the first differences to approximate <span cl