tility functions</strong> that will serve as the infrastructure when writing your test cases.</p>

<h3 id="utility-functions">Utility functions</h3>
<p>Utility functions that create, compare, and output a linked list are essential components of any testing strategy. We suggest these four utility functions:</p>

<ul>
  <li>
    <p><code class="language-c++ highlighter-rouge"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">printList</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="o">*</