$ and $N-D$ instead of $N$ because now we effectively have $N-D$ individuals:</p>

<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
\gamma = \mathrm{argmax} \left(-\frac12(N-D)\log(2\pi) - \frac12 \log\left|SVS^T\right| - \frac12 (Sy)^T(SVS^T)^{-1}(Sy)\right)
</script>

<p>In our case, $V$ is $\sigma^2(\gamma K + I)$, therefore we can pull $\sigma^2$ out of the determinant and rewrite the expression in the parentheses as</p>

<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
 -\frac12(N-D)\log(2\pi) - \frac12 \left((N-D)\log(\s