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> ## Aside: Connection to `null` references
>
> The inventor of `null` references, Tony Hoare, described them like this:
>
> > I call it my billion-dollar mistake. It was the invention of the null reference in 1965. At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object oriented language (ALGOL W). My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn't