e used as parameter
estimates or as the basis of approximations to a Bayesian posterior.</p>
<p>Stan provides three different optimizers, a Newton optimizer, and two
related quasi-Newton algorithms, BFGS and L-BFGS; see
<span class="citation"><a href="#ref-NocedalWright:2006" role="doc-biblioref">Nocedal and Wright</a> (<a href="#ref-NocedalWright:2006" role="doc-biblioref">2006</a>)</span> for thorough description and analysis of
all of these algorithms. The L-BFGS algorithm is the default
optimizer. Newto