 villages were in/excluded by in-out umbilical cords to the
boundary of the enclosing tract, when the underlying BNA file was first
converted to MapInfo (holes could not exist then).</p>
<p>Here we will use a GPKG file created as follows (rgdal could also be
used with the same output; GDAL prior to GDAL 3.3 built with GEOS, so
the BNA vector driver will use geometry tests: The BNA driver supports
reading of polygons with holes or lakes. It determines what is a hole or
a lake only from geometrical analysis (