ly all males. The model layer strips away the residuals, producing a discernible pattern: the shorter children of either sex tend to have shorter mothers (black) and that taller children of each sex tend to have taller mothers (orange).</p>
<p>The model-value layer shows the extent of the relationship between mother’s and child’s height more clearly. (This is exactly what models are supposed to do!) You can see that the model values differ for children of the shortest mothers and of the tallest mothers.