provided:</p><div><ul><li><b>Equivalent energy</b>:</li></ul></div><p><img src="ContactForceN_ElastoPlasticLinear_eq01138646515539514318.png" alt="$$K_{n} = 1.053 \left ( \dot{\delta}_{n}^{0}R_{eff}E_{eff}^{2}\sqrt{m_{eff}} \right )^{2/5}$$" style="width:221px;height:30px;"></p><div><ul><li><b>Equivalent overlap</b>:</li></ul></div><p><img src="ContactForceN_ElastoPlasticLinear_eq10208728972815859396.png" alt="$$K_{n} = 1.053 \left ( \dot{\delta}_{n}^{0}R_{eff}E_{eff}^{2}\sqrt{m_{eff}} \right )^{2/5} \left 