(Y \leftarrow X\)</span>. Let’s suppose this is Ava’s view.</li>
<li><span class="math inline">\(Y \rightarrow X\)</span>. Let’s suppose Booker holds this view.</li>
<li>No connection at all between X and Y. Cleo holds this view.</li>
</ol>
<p>Simulation allows us to create a world in which the causal connections are exactly known. For example, here is a simulation in which Y causes X.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code clas