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<header id="title-block-header" class="quarto-title-block default"><nav class="quarto-page-breadcrumbs quarto-title-breadcrumbs d-none d-lg-block" aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb"><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="./L22-Effect-size.html">Causal modeling</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="./L24-Causality-and-DAGS.html"><span class="chapter-number">24</span>&nbsp; <span class="chapter-title">Causal influenc