at the Preceptor Table excludes cases with missing data, whereas the full Population includes all traffic stops. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> justice-11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> question </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Unconfoundedness means that the treatment assignment is independent of the potential outcomes, when we condition on pre-treatment covariates. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> justice-12 </td>
   <td style="text-align: