functions in <code>HLMdiag</code> allow the analyst to estimate all types of residuals defined for a hierarchical linear model. They provide access to level-1, higher-level, and marginal residuals and use both Least Squares and Empirical Bayes estimation methods to provide the analyst with more choices in evaluating a model. The <code>hlm_resid</code> method is inspired by the <code>augment()</code> function in <code>broom</code> and appends all types of residuals and fitted values for a given level to the 