/span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/paste.html" class="external-link">paste</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">formula</span>, <span class="st">"+ (1|country)"</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span>  <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/lme4/man/lmer.html" class="external-link">lmer</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">formula</span>, <span class="va">data</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span><