ve indicated that REML estimation tends to provide approximately unbiased estimates of the amount of heterogeneity (e.g., Langan et al., 2019; Veroniki et al., 2016; Viechtbauer, 2005), or more generally, of the variance components in more complex mixed-effects models (Harville, 1977).</p>
<p>For models fitted with the <code><a href="rma.uni.html">rma.uni</a></code> function, the empirical Bayes / Paule-Mandel estimators (i.e., <code>method="EB"</code> / <code>method="PM"</code>), which can actually be show