<ul>
<li>
<var>vari&acirc;ncia total</var>: <code>trace(S_1)</code>,
</li><li>
<var>vari&acirc;ncia m&eacute;dia</var>: <code>trace(S_1)/p</code>,
</li><li>
<var>vari&acirc;ncia generalizada</var>: <code>determinant(S_1)</code>,
</li><li>
<var>desvio padr&atilde;o generalizado</var>: <code>sqrt(determinant(S_1))</code>,
</li><li>
<var>vari&acirc;ncia efetiva</var> <code>determinant(S_1)^(1/p)</code>, (defined in: Pe&ntilde;a, D. (2002) <var>An&aacute;lisis de datos multivariantes</var>; McGraw-Hill, Madrid.