ors might be, expand the DAG to include them, and measure not just X and Y but also, as much as possible, other covariates appearing in the DAG.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, we will show what happens if the parties to the dispute insist that only X and Y be measured. Let’s play the role of Nature and generate data for them:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabin