the <em>opposite curve</em>, that is, a curve with opposite orientation, is denoted by $‚àíC.$ On a
                    simple
                    closed curve, the negative direction corresponds to the clockwise direction.
                    For instance, the circle $z(t) = e^{-it},$ $0 \leq t \leq 2\pi,$
                    has negative orientation.
                </p>

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                            <i