the consequences. Interventions are things like “increase the dose of medicine,” “stop smoking!”, “lower the budget,” “add more cargo to a plane (which will increase fuel consumption and reduce the range).”</p>
<p>Historically, mainstream statisticians were hostile to using data to explore causal relationships. (The one exception was <strong>experiment</strong>, which gathers data from an actual intervention in the world. See Lesson <a href="L26-Experiment.html" class="quarto-xref"><span>26<