inline">\(N\)</span> samples <span class="math inline">\(\theta^{(n)}_m\)</span>. The
<em>between-chain variance</em> estimate is</p>
<p><span class="math display">\[
B
=
\frac{N}{M-1}
\,
\sum_{m=1}^M (\bar{\theta}^{(\bullet)}_{m}
                - \bar{\theta}^{(\bullet)}_{\bullet})^2,
\]</span></p>
<p>where</p>
<p><span class="math display">\[
\bar{\theta}_m^{(\bullet)}
= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n = 1}^N \theta_m^{(n)}
\]</span></p>
<p>and</p>
<p><span class="math display">\[
\bar{\theta}^{(\bullet)}_{\bullet}
