anything</i> is allowed to happen
without any kind of protection.
In practice, what often happens is a read or write (respectively) of
other data.
There are
<a href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2023/p2771r0.html"
>proposals to improve C++ memory safety</a>,
but currently many C++ built-in constructs (like arrays) are not memory safe,
so we will treat the two languages together here.
<p>
The 2014 revelation of the Heartbleed vulnerability
(CVE-2014-0160) is an example of a buffer over