_{il}  q_{il} \theta_{pl} - b_{il} ) ) +
    ( 1- \mu_i) ( 1 + \exp \left( \sum_l  ( a_{il}  q_{il} \theta_{pl} - b_{il} ) \right) )
        } $$
with item parameters \(\mu_i\) indicating the degree of compensatory.
\(\mu_i=1\) indicates a noncompensatory model while \(\mu_i=0\)
indicates a (fully) compensatory model.</p>
<p>The models are estimated by an EM algorithm employing marginal maximum
likelihood.</p>
    </div>
    <div class="section level2">
    <h2 id="value">Value<a class="anchor" aria-label="