-up or offers end-to-end encryption of all user data. A closed source software can by definition not be trusted to respect the users privacy, because there is no way of really knowing what's going on in the background. See also <a href="https://www.privacytools.io" target="_blank">PrivacyTools</a> or <a href="https://www.privacyguides.org" target="_blank">PrivacyGuides</a></li>
<li><strong>Openness</strong>: using software that relies on open standards, thereby avoiding vendor lock-in. For example, an emai