class="math inline">\(\hat{R}\)</span>, which involve both cross-chain (mean) and within-chain calculations (autocorrelation); see <span class="citation">Gelman et al. (<a href="#ref-GelmanEtAl:2013">2013</a>)</span>.</p>
<div id="definition-of-effective-sample-size" class="section level3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">16.4.1</span> Definition of Effective Sample Size</h3>
<p>The amount by which autocorrelation within the chains increases uncertainty in estimates can be measured by effective samp