omputational complexity of iterating over the groups is still O(n).</p>
<p>For the example job we mentioned above, replacing ExecutionEdges with the groups can effectively reduce the memory usage of <a href="//nightlies.apache.org/flink/flink-docs-release-1.14/api/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/executiongraph/ExecutionGraph.html">ExecutionGraph</a> from more than 4 GiB to about 12 MiB. Based on the concept of groups, we further optimized several procedures, including job initialization, scheduling tasks, fai