erson-specific effects. Instead, predictions to real data absent any
personal information establish conditional expectations of richness
given habitat, effort, weather, etc. Each expected value parameterizes a
Poisson distribution, which is used to compute the exceedance
probability of the actually-observed <code>S</code>, which is then
mapped to a standard-normal quantile. A GAM with a “factor smooth” basis
for <code>checklist_number</code> and <code>observer_id</code> is
applied to smooth the raw valu