rns might arise about how to sample<a href="Glossary.html#def-sample" class="quarto-xref" target="popup" onclick="window.open('Glossary.html#def-sample', 'popup', 'width=500, height=300'); return false;"><sup><i class="bi bi-card-text"></i></sup></a> the specimens and the details of the X and Y measurement techniques. Such concerns suggest an awareness that factors other than X and Y may be playing a role in the system.The correct course of action in such a case is to be explicit about what these other fact