a-target-annotation="1">1</dt>
<dd>
<span data-code-cell="annotated-cell-9" data-code-lines="4" data-code-annotation="1">Note: The <code>- X</code> is the direct causal connection between X and Y.</span>
</dd>
</dl>
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<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pathA <span class="sc">|&gt;</span><span class="fu">take_sample</span>(<span clas