; "gives" entails that when A gives B to C, that A *alone* 
&gt; gives B to C.
&gt; &gt; If it doesn't, then, if both John and Martha give a book B 
&gt; to Mary, it
&gt; &gt; is correct to say both (gives John Mary B) and (gives 
&gt; Martha Mary B).
&gt; &gt; But if that is right, then your clause 1) above is false; the same
&gt; &gt; giving event can involve more than one giver.
&gt; 
&gt; Just to be clear, the idea in the example is that John and Martha
&gt; *jointly* give the same book (token) B to Mar