uding covariate C will <strong>unblock</strong> the pathway. Consequently, for non-correlating backdoor pathways, <strong>do not</strong> include covariate C.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In this section, we will conduct a numerical experiment to look at three simple arrangements of backdoor X-C-Y pathways. For each pathway, the experiment consists of 1) making a simulation, 2) generating data from that simulation, and 3) modeling the data in two ways: <code>Y ~ X</code> and <code>Y ~ X + C</code>. We can then chec