ata</span></span>
<span><span class="va">obs_data</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">PRED</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">sim_data</span><span class="op">[</span><span class="va">REP</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="va">PRED</span><span class="op">]</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="va">vpc</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="reference/observed.html">observed</a></span><span class="op">(</span