sid()</code> and <code>nlme::resid()</code> use the EB method in estimating residuals, thus the analyst is likely more familiar with this type of residual.</p>
</div>
<div id="standardize-and-include-ls" class="section level3">
<h3 class="hasAnchor">
<a href="#standardize-and-include-ls" class="anchor"></a>standardize and include.ls</h3>
<p>We can alter the output of the level-1 residuals using the <code>standardize</code> and <code>include.ls</code> parameters introduced above. The following call returns b