bal reasoning subscore (<code>vr</code>) and overall score (<code>intake)</code>. At the school level, the data contain the average intake score for the school (<code>schavg</code>) and type based on school gender (<code>schgend</code>, coded as mixed, boys, or girls).</p>
<p>We illustrate usage for <code><a href="../reference/hlm_resid.default.html">hlm_resid()</a></code> below using the exam data and fitting an initial two-level HLM using a student’s standardized London Reading Test intake score (standL