o region in South America borders any region in Europe.<br />

    1.  $\lnot [{\exists\,c,d\;\;}  {In}(c,{SouthAmerica}) \land {In}(d,{Europe}) \land {Borders}(c,d)]$.<br />

    2.  ${\forall\,c,d\;\;}  [{In}(c,{SouthAmerica}) \land {In}(d,{Europe})] {\:\;{\Rightarrow}\:\;}\lnot {Borders}(c,d)]$.<br />

    3.  $\lnot {\forall\,c\;\;}  {In}(c,{SouthAmerica}) {\:\;{\Rightarrow}\:\;}{\exists\,d\;\;} {In}(d,{Europe}) \land<br />
        \lnot {Borders}(c,d)$.

    4.  ${\forall\,c\;\;} {In}(c,{SouthAmerica})