</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="va">x_naive</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/cbind.html" class="external-link">cbind</a></span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Trig.html" class="external-link">cos</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">theta</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="va">y</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu"><