n class="op">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The columns of <code>Z</code> are now orthogonal, but not of unit
length,</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/zapsmall.html" class="external-link">zapsmall</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/crossprod.html" class="external-link">crossprod</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">Z<