g>Hilden-Minton (1995)</strong> and define three types of residuals:</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li>level-1 (conditional) residuals</li>
<li>higher-level (random effects) residuals</li>
<li>marginal (composite) residuals</li>
</ol>
<p>The definitions of level-1 and higher-level residuals lead to different residuals depending on how the fixed and random model coefficients are estimated. <code><a href="../reference/hlm_resid.default.html">hlm_resid()</a></code> implements two estimation methods