also called the probability of superiority). A CLES value indicates the probability that a randomly sampled individual from the first group has a higher value than a randomly sampled individual from the second group (i.e., when <em></em>\(d=0\), then the CLES is equal to 0.5, which goes to 1 as <em></em>\(d\) increases).</p></li>
<li><p><code>transf.dtocliffd</code>: transformation of standardized mean differences to Cliff's delta values.</p></li>
<li><p><code>transf.dtobesd</code>: transformation of standa