ate how to use those residuals in context to evaluate a model. We will diagnose the earlier model, <code>fm1</code>, fit on the <code>Exam</code> data set above. We use <code><a href="../reference/hlm_resid.default.html">hlm_resid()</a></code> to extract the standardized level-1 and marginal residuals.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">resid1_fm1</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/hlm_