<em></em>\(U_1\) indicates the proportion of non-overlap between the two distributions (i.e., when <em></em>\(d=0\), then <em></em>\(U_1\) is equal to 0, which goes to 1 as <em></em>\(d\) increases).</p></li>
<li><p><code>transf.dtou2</code>: transformation of standardized mean differences to Cohen's <em></em>\(U_2\) values (Cohen, 1988). Under the same assumptions as above, Cohen's <em></em>\(U_2\) indicates the proportion in the first group that exceeds the same proportion in the second group (i.e., when 