, and <code><a href="../reference/hlm_augment.html">hlm_augment()</a></code>. The main focus of this vignette, <code><a href="../reference/hlm_resid.default.html">hlm_resid()</a></code>, is intended to replace <code><a href="../reference/HLMdiag-defunct.html">HLMresid()</a></code> in functionality, and works more robustly with 3-level models as well as models fit with <code>nlme</code>. Additionally, <code><a href="../reference/hlm_resid.default.html">hlm_resid()</a></code> appends residuals and fitted valu