<em></em>\(d=0\), then <em></em>\(U_2\) is equal to 0.5, which goes to 1 as <em></em>\(d\) increases).</p></li>
<li><p><code>transf.dtou3</code>: transformation of standardized mean differences to Cohen's <em></em>\(U_3\) values (Cohen, 1988). Under the same assumptions as above, Cohen's <em></em>\(U_3\) indicates the proportion of individuals in the first group that have a higher value than the mean of those in the second group (i.e., when <em></em>\(d=0\), then <em></em>\(U_3\) is equal to 0.5, which goes