er offers more options for the types of residuals that the analyst may want to use.</p>
</div>
<div id="types-of-residuals-in-multilevel-models" class="section level2">
<h2 class="hasAnchor">
<a href="#types-of-residuals-in-multilevel-models" class="anchor"></a>Types of residuals in multilevel models</h2>
<p>The presence of multiple sources of variability in hierarchical linear models results in numerous quantities defining residuals. All functions in <code>HLMdiag</code> follow the classification by <stron