les such as the standardized LRT score. We use the LS residuals at level-1 because they are unconfounded of higher-level residuals.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb16"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="kw"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va"><a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org">ggplot2</a></span><span class="op">)</span>
<span class="fu"><a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/ggplot.