Piala Gumi FIFA 2022
Piala Gumi FIFA 2022 (Arab: 2022 كأس العالم لكرة القدم, Kaʾs al-ʿālam li-kurat al-qadam 2022) manados wimbakara ka-22 Piala Gumi FIFA, pacentokan sépakbola putra internasional nyabran petang warsa sané kaperebutang olih tim nasional saking asosiasi anggota FIFA. Punika pacang kamargiang ring Qatar saking 21 Nopémber nuju 18 Désémber 2022. Pacang dados Piala Gumi kapertama sané kamargiang ring gumi Arab.[1] Pacang dados Piala Gumi kaping kalih sané kamargiang penuh ring Banua Asia sesampun warsa 2002 ring Korea Kelod miwah Jepang.[lower-alpha 1] Siosan punika, turnamen pacang dados pinih ungkur sané kasarengin olih 32 tim, antuk kawewehin 48 tim sané kajadwalang antuk warsa 2026 ring Amérika Serikat, Méksiko, miwah Kanada. Jayanti sadurungné Piala Gumi punika Prancis.[2] Mawinan panes nyané masan panes sané wénten ring Qatar, Piala Gumi puniki pacang kamargiang saking ungkur Nopémber nganti patengahan Désémber, manadosang wimbakara kapertama sané nénten kamargiang ring sasih Méi, Juni, utawi Juli; punika pacang kamainang ring lami kala sané kakirangin sawatara 28 rahina.[3]
Kanikayang wénten korupsi ri kala Qatar ngajayanti hak antuk dados tuan umah wimbakara puniki. Investigasi miwah parikanda internal FIFA ngelébang Qatar saking kapikobetan punika, menawi manggala panilik Michael J. Garcia nganikayang parikanda FIFA indik panilikan madaging "akéh répresentasi material sané tan jangkep miwah iwang."[4] Ring 27 Méi 2015, jaksa fédéral Swiss ngabuka panilikan korupsi miwah pangumbahan jinah kakait sareng tawahan Piala Gumi 2018 miwah 2022.[5][6] Ring 6 Agustus 2018, mantan présidén FIFA Sepp Blatter nganikayang pinaka Qatar sampun nganggén "operasi selem"", ngantaraang pinaka panitia panawahan sampun bogbig antuk ngamenangang hak tuan umah.[7] Siosan punika, Qatar sampun keni kritik keras krana parilaksana majeng pakarya dura negata sané sareng ring pataki-takian Piala Gumi, antuk Amnesti Internasional kakait sareng "karya paksa" miwah nganikayang panyatusan utawi panyiuan pakarya migran padem mawinan palanggaran HAM, miwah paindikan karya sané ngawag miwah tan manusawi, yadiastun standar kasejahteraan pakarya kantun kasusun ring warsa 2014.[8]
Riantara 2015 miwag 2021, pemréntah Qatar ngamargiang réformasi awig-awig pakaryan anyar[9] antuk nagbecikang paindikan karya, rumasuk upah minimum antuk samian pakarya[10] miwah pangusapan sistem kafala.[11] Amnesty International nganikayang parilaksana puniki manados "pamargi becik antik nyaibin pakarya migran".[12]
Stadion[uah | uah wit]
Lima genah kapertama sané kausulang antuk Piala Gumi karesmiang ring awal Maret 2010. Negara punika mamanah mangda stadion macecirén aspek lelintihan miwah budaya Qatar, taler karancang mawit karangka acuan puniki: "warisan", lila, aksesibilitas miwah kalanturan.[13] Stadion pacang kajangkepin antuk sistem pandingin sané matatujon antuk mingurangin suhu ring jero stadion nganti 20 °C (36 °F), menawi nénten kauningin napiké pacang seken mawiguna ring stadion kabuka. Pamasaran dané nyarengin panikayan sané ngambarang stadion manados Tanpa Limbah, miwah tingkat duur stadion pacang karugah sesampun Piala Gumi miwah kapuniayang nuju negara antuk infrastruktur olahraga sané kirang makembang.[14][15] Qatar macita-cita antuk polih miwah kasertifikasi olih Sistem Panilaian Kalanturan Global (GSAS) antuk makasami stadion piala gumi. Makasami saking lima proyék stadion sané kaluncurang sampun karancang olih undagi Jérman Albert Speer & Sawitra.[16]
Cutetan[uah | uah wit]
- ↑ Warsa 2018 ring Rusia kacingakang ring kalih genah ring Asia, mawit makudang définisi wates géografis riantara Asia miwah Éropa: Yekaterinburg miwah Sochi.
Pustaka[uah | uah wit]
- ↑ "Amir: 2022 World Cup Qatar a tournament for all Arabs". Gulf Times. 15 Juli 2018. Kaakses 7 Séptémber 2018.
- ↑ Taylor, Daniel (15 Juli 2018). "France seal second World Cup triumph with 4–2 win over brave Croatia". The Guardian. Kaakses 7 Séptémber 2018.
- ↑ "FIFA Executive Committee confirms November/December event period for Qatar 2022". FIFA. 19 Maret 2015.
- ↑ "Fifa report 'erroneous', says lawyer who investigated corruption claims". BBC Sport. 13 Nopémber 2014. Kaakses 24 Pébruari 2015.
- ↑ "Criminal investigation into 2018 and 2022 World Cup awards opened". ESPN FC. ESPN. 27 Méi 2015. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 27 Méi 2015. Kaakses 27 Méi 2015.
- ↑ "The Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland seizes documents at FIFA". The Federal Council. The Swiss Government. 27 Méi 2015. Kaakses 27 Méi 2015.
- ↑ "Sepp Blatter says Qatar cheated to host World Cup". 5 Agustus 2018.
- ↑ "Amnesty says workers at Qatar World Cup stadium suffer abuse". 31 Maret 2016.
- ↑ "Labour Reform". Government Communications Office. Kaakses 15 July 2021.
- ↑ Pete Pattisson (1 Séptémber 2020). "New Labour Law Ends Qatar's Exploitative Kafala System". The Guardian. Kaakses 15 Juli 2021.
- ↑ ILO, Progress report on the technical cooperation programme agreed between the Government of Qatar and the ILO,340th Session, Geneva, October–November 2020, kaaksés 4 Agustus 2021
- ↑ "Qatar reforms strike at heart of abusive kafala system". www.amnesty.org. Kaakses 15 July 2021.
- ↑ "Stadiums". Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy. Kaakses 27 March 2019.
- ↑ "Bidding Nation Qatar 2022 – Stadiums". Qatar2022bid.com. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 3 May 2010. Kaakses 30 May 2010.
- ↑ "Football and Sustainability in the Desert, Qatar 2022 Green World Cup's Stadiums: Legal Perspective". European Journal of Social Sciences: 475–493. SSRN 3096185.
- ↑ "2022 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report: Qatar" (PDF). FIFA. 5 December 2010.
- ↑ "Al Bayt Stadium: A uniquely Qatari stadium, to rival the best in the world". 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Qatar Foundation Stadium: An amazing experience for fans & a bright future for football". 8 January 2018. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 8 January 2018. Kaakses 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Al Thuymama Stadium: A tribute to our region". 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Ras Abu Aboud Stadium: A legacy for the community". 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Al Rayyan Stadium: The gateway to the desert opens its doors to the world". 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Khalifa International Stadium: Qatar's most historic stadium & a crucial player for 2022". 8 January 2018.
- ↑ "Tradition and innovation come together as striking Al Janoub Stadium in Al Wakrah City is opened". 16 May 2019.
Pranala jaba[uah | uah wit]
- Média kakait indik Piala Gumi FIFA 2022 ring Wikimedia Commons
- FIFA.com Situs wéb Piala Gumi 2022
- Situs wéb resmi Qatar 2022
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