Transliteration
Definitions

Systematic transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, typically grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.

Transliteration, which adapts written form without altering the pronunciation when spoken out loud, is opposed to letter transcription, which is a letter by letter conversion of one language into another writing system. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the target script, for some specific pair of source and target language. Transliteration which adapts written form without altering pronunciation may be very close to letter-by-letter transcription if the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages. In practice, there are some mixed transliteration/transcription systems that transliterate a part of the original script and transcribe the rest (adapt written form without changing pronunciation, however, use mixed scripts, such as scientific transliteration, resulting in WордПресс).

Many websites recognize transliteration as converting the written form to a different script without altering the pronunciation. Лет ит Би and Шерлок Холмс, according to Русская Википедия, are pronounced Let it Be and Sherlock Holmes, respectively, with no alterations. Similarly, Romanization can be far different from spoken pronunciation. 艾爾弗雷德 for example is pronounced far closer to Alfred than the romanization, Ài'ěrfúléidé, suggests. It is important to note that letter transcription and transliteration are not the same thing. 艾爾弗雷德 is a phonetic approximation of "Alfred" when pronounced Ài'ěrfúléidé and a transliteration of "Alfred" when pronounced exactly the same as "Alfred". The Chinese Wikipedia has the definitions right, with 2 separate articles for 字母转写 (Letter Transcription / Alphabetical Transcription) and 音译 (Transliteration)

For many script pairs, there are one or more standard transliteration systems. However, unsystematic transliteration is common.
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