Language transfer
Literacy development

The linguistic interdependence hypothesis claims that language transfer can occur from L1 (first language) to L2 (second language), but there first must be a level of proficiency in L1 literacy skills for the skills to transfer over into L2. In other words, there must be some prior knowledge of literacy skills in L1 to assist with acquiring literacy skills in L2. The acquisition of L2 literacy skills can be facilitated and gained with greater ease by having more time, access, and experience with L1 literary skills. Over time, through formal exposure and practice with literacy skills, L2 learners have been able to catch up with their monolingual peers. However, literacy skills acquired in L2 can also be used to assist with literacy skills in L1 because cross-language transfer is bidirectional.
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