Panama Canal
Environmental and ecological consequences

In 1978, it was published that "clearing the forest in the watershed might kill the canal". In 1985, the forested portion had dropped to 30%. As of 2000, deforestation through growth of human population, land degradation, erosion, and overhunting continued to be threats to the ecosystem of the Panama canal watershed. Deforestation causes erosion, raising the bottom of the Gatun and Alajuala lakes lowering their water holding capacity. Ship traffic routinely contaminates the water; in 1986, a crude oil spill east of the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal killed plants and invertebrates.

Especially with the 2016 expansion, invasive species can travel faster, either on the hulls of ships or in ballast water. Lake water has become salty over time.
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