Stellar kinematics
Recent advancements due to Gaia

In 2018, the Gaia Data Release 2 (GAIA DR2) marked a significant advancement in stellar kinematics, offering a rich dataset of precise measurements. This release included detailed stellar kinematic and stellar parallax data, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the Milky Way's structure. Notably, it facilitated the determination of proper motions for numerous celestial objects, including the absolute proper motions of 75 globular clusters situated at distances extending up to G = 21 {\displaystyle G=21} and a bright limit of G ≈ {\displaystyle G\approx } 3 {\displaystyle 3}. Furthermore, Gaia's comprehensive dataset enabled the measurement of absolute proper motions in nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies, serving as crucial indicators for understanding the mass distribution within the Milky Way. GAIA DR3 improved the quality of previously published data by providing detailed astrophysical parameters. While the complete GAIA DR4 is yet to be unveiled, the latest release offers enhanced insights into white dwarfs, hypervelocity stars, cosmological gravitational lensing, and the merger history of the Galaxy.
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