Standard of review
De novo

Under de novo review, the appellate court acts as if it were considering the question for the first time, giving no deference to the decision below. This standard applies to a lower court's findings on questions of law. This is sometimes referred to as "plenary review" or the "legal error" standard. It allows the appeals court to substitute its own judgment for the lower court's on how to apply the law. For example, as noted in Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., de novo review is required in the United States when First Amendment issues are raised on appeal. Questions of statutory interpretation decided by an administrative agency in a manner that has the force of law used to be subject to Chevron review until Chevron was overturned by Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. Questions of statutory interpretation decided by an agency in a manner that does not have the force of law are subject to Skidmore review.
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