Incorporation of international law
Dualist systems

The dualist position is exemplified by the United Kingdom, where treaty-making is considered to be the exclusive competence of " Her Majesty's Government " (the executive). All treaties must be incorporated if they are to have any effect on domestic legislation. To do otherwise would violate the doctrine of the sovereignty of Parliament, which reserves legislative primacy to the British parliament. However, treaties may have interpretative value, and judges consider that Parliament, in the absence of clear contrary intention, did not intend for an Act to conflict with a ratified treaty.
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