information:classification, linguistic:paraphrasing
Space physics, also known as space plasma physics, is the study of naturally occurring plasmas within Earth's upper atmosphere and the rest of the Solar System. It includes the topics of aeronomy, aurorae, planetary ionospheres and magnetospheres, radiation belts, and space weather. It also encompasses the discipline of heliophysics, which studies the solar physics of the Sun, its solar wind, the coronal heating problem, solar energetic particles, and the heliosphere. Space physics is both a pure science and an applied science, with applications in radio transmission, spacecraft operations, and in meteorology. Important physical processes in space physics include magnetic reconnection, synchrotron radiation, ring currents, Alfvén waves and plasma instabilities. It is studied using direct in situ measurements by sounding rockets and spacecraft, indirect remote sensing of electromagnetic radiation produced by the plasmas, and theoretical magnetohydrodynamics. Closely related fields include plasma physics, which studies more fundamental physics and artificial plasmas; atmospheric physics, which investigates lower levels of Earth's atmosphere; and astrophysical plasmas, which are natural plasmas beyond the Solar System.