quality:corruption
Common formulæ

Electric field infinitely close to a conducting surface in electrostatic equilibrium having charge density σ {\displaystyle \sigma } at that point is σ ε 0 x ^ {\textstyle {\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon _{0}}}{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}} since charges are only formed on the surface and the surface at the infinitesimal scale resembles an infinite 2D plane. In the absence of external fields, spherical conductors exhibit a uniform charge distribution on the surface and hence have the same electric field as that of uniform spherical surface distribution.