stylistic:style_transfer, structural:scholar_edition
Criticisms of statistical methods

Peter Schönemann criticized methods for estimating heritability developed in the 1970s. He has also argued that the heritability estimate from a twin study may reflect factors other than shared genes. Using the statistical models published in Loehlin and Nichols (1976), the narrow HR-heritability of responses to the question "did you have your back rubbed" has been shown to work out to.92 heritable for males and.21 heritable for females, and the question "Did you wear sunglasses after dark?" is 130% heritable for males and 103% for females. Critics also contend that the concept of "heritability" estimated in twin studies is merely a statistical abstraction with no relationship to the underlying DNA and that the statistical underpinnings of twin research are invalid. Statistical critiques argue that heritability estimates used for most twin studies rest on restrictive assumptions that are usually not tested, and if they are, they are often contradicted by the data.