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Analgesia creation

Morphine creates analgesia through the activation of a specific group of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla, called the "morphine ensemble." This ensemble includes glutamatergic neurons that project to spinal cord, known as RVM neurons. These neurons connect to inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, called SC neurons, which release the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuropeptide galanin. The inhibition of SC neurons is crucial for morphine's pain-relieving effects. Additionally, the neurotrophic factor BDNF, produced within the RVM neurons, is required for morphine's action. Increasing BDNF levels enhances morphine's analgesic effects, even at lower doses.