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Critiques

The theory was created in 1990 and revised in 1995. Although it has been updated and revised, there are many other white identity development and consciousness models that have been adapted from this that some researchers and practitioners see as more relevant. Row, Bennett, and Atkinson created their own theory in response to concerns they had with Helm's model. They created the White Racial Consciousness Theory to address these concerns. They define White Racial Consciousness as "one's awareness of being White and what that implies in relation to those who do not share White group membership." The use of the word consciousness acknowledges that for some this might be a clear part of their self, while for others it may be more vague. There is also the understanding that this consciousness is changing as a person goes through a life full of experiences that effect their outlook.