structural:summarization, stylistic:style_transfer
Universal resonance curve

The exact response of a resonance, especially for frequencies far from the resonant frequency, depends on the details of the physical system, and is usually not exactly symmetric about the resonant frequency, as illustrated for the simple harmonic oscillator above.

For a lightly damped linear oscillator with a resonance frequency ω 0 {\displaystyle \omega _{0}}, the intensity of oscillations I {\displaystyle I} when the system is driven with a driving frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } is typically approximated by the following formula that is symmetric about the resonance frequency: I (ω) ≡ | χ | 2 ∝ 1 (ω − ω 0) 2 + (Γ 2) 2. {\displaystyle I(\omega)\equiv |\chi |^{2}\propto {\frac {1}{(\omega -\omega _{0})^{2}+\left({\frac {\Gamma }{2}}\right)^{2}}}.}

Where the susceptibility χ (ω) {\displaystyle \chi (\omega)} links the amplitude of the oscillator to the driving force in frequency space: x (ω) = χ (ω) F (ω) {\displaystyle x(\omega)=\chi (\omega)F(\omega)}

The intensity is defined as the square of the amplitude of the oscillations. This is a Lorentzian function, or Cauchy distribution, and this response is found in many physical situations involving resonant systems. Γ is a parameter dependent on the damping of the oscillator, and is known as the linewidth of the resonance. Heavily damped oscillators tend to have broad linewidths, and respond to a wider range of driving frequencies around the resonant frequency. The linewidth is inversely proportional to the Q factor, which is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance.

In radio engineering and electronics engineering, this approximate symmetric response is known as the universal resonance curve, a concept introduced by Frederick E. Terman in 1932 to simplify the approximate analysis of radio circuits with a range of center frequencies and Q values.