linguistic:paraphrasing, information:highlighting, structural:summarization, information:classification
Sensory

Hearing loss is common in Turner syndrome. Though at birth hearing is normal with good hearing abilities, chronic middle ear infections are frequent throughout childhood, which can cause permanent conductive hearing loss or deafness. In adulthood, sensorineural hearing loss occurs more often than in 46,XX women and at younger ages; though differing thresholds of hearing loss make it difficult to compare between studies, younger adult women with Turner syndrome are routinely found to have disproportionate rates of hearing issues, with sometimes up to half of women in their 20s and 30s having difficulty hearing well. This hearing loss is progressive; at the age of 40, women with Turner syndrome have equivalent hearing loss to 46,XX women aged 60, on average. Cohort studies imply hearing loss may be more common in women who also have metabolic syndrome. The high prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss in Turner syndrome appears to be related to SHOX deficiency.