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Vietnam

According to the National Environmental Status Report 2016 and recent air quality reports, emissions from motor vehicles have been identified as the main cause of environmental pollution. Among them, with over 68 million vehicles in operation nationwide (statistics from the Ministry of Transport, 2021), motorcycles are the largest source of pollutant emissions.

In Hanoi, there are over 6 million motorcycles, of which nearly 3 million were manufactured before 2000. In Ho Chi Minh City, there are about 7.8 million motorcycles, of which 67.89% are over 10 years old. Air quality index (AQI) in urban centers often spikes during peak traffic times, such as rush hour in the morning and evening.

A study by the Institute of Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, found that motorcycles account for about 29% of NO emissions, 90% of CO emissions, 65.4% of NMVOC emissions, 37.7% of particulate matter emissions, and 31% of fine particulate matter emissions.

Traffic emissions account for 50% of total emissions in Ho Chi Minh City. While the world is moving towards Euro 6 emission standards, most cars in Vietnam meet Euro 4 or Euro 5 standards. However, motorcycles still meet Euro 2 or Euro 3 standards, which were implemented over 25 years ago.