structural:summarization, linguistic:voice_change
In stereochemistry

In stereochemistry, a torsion angle is defined as a particular example of a dihedral angle, describing the geometric relation of two parts of a molecule joined by a chemical bond. Every set of three non-colinear atoms of a molecule defines a half-plane. As explained above, when two such half-planes intersect (i.e., a set of four consecutively-bonded atoms), the angle between them is a dihedral angle. Dihedral angles are used to specify the molecular conformation. Stereochemical arrangements corresponding to angles between 0° and ±90° are called syn (s), those corresponding to angles between ±90° and 180° anti (a). Similarly, arrangements corresponding to angles between 30° and 150° or between −30° and −150° are called clinal (c) and those between 0° and ±30° or ±150° and 180° are called periplanar (p).

The two types of terms can be combined so as to define four ranges of angle; 0° to ±30° synperiplanar (sp); 30° to 90° and −30° to −90° synclinal (sc); 90° to 150° and −90° to −150° anticlinal (ac); ±150° to 180° antiperiplanar (ap). The synperiplanar conformation is also known as the syn - or cis -conformation; antiperiplanar as anti or trans; and synclinal as gauche or skew.

For example, with n - butane two planes can be specified in terms of the two central carbon atoms and either of the methyl carbon atoms. The syn -conformation shown above, with a dihedral angle of 60° is less stable than the anti -conformation with a dihedral angle of 180°.

For macromolecular usage the symbols T, C, G, G, A and A are recommended (ap, sp, +sc, −sc, +ac and −ac respectively).