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Taxonomy and etymology

The swordfish is named after its long pointed, flat bill, which resembles a sword. The species name, Xiphias gladius, derives from Greek ξιφίας (xiphias, "swordfish"), itself from ξίφος (xiphos, "sword") and from Latin gladius ("sword"). This makes it superficially similar to other billfish such as marlin, but upon examination, their physiology is quite different and they are members of different families.

Several extinct genera are known, such as a large sized Xiphiorhynchus and Aglyptorhynchus. Unlike modern taxa these have equally long lower jaws.