structural:expansion, information:classification, structural:summarization, stylistic:style_transfer
Pathophysiology

Magnesium is ubiquitous in the human body as well as being present in all living organisms and the ion is a known co-factor in over 300 known enzymatic reactions including DNA and RNA replication, protein synthesis, acting as an essential co-factor of ATP during its phosphorylation via ATPase. It is also extensively involved in intracellular signalling. It is involved in protein synthesis, regulating glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, muscle and nerve functioning, vascular tone (affecting blood vessel contraction, thus helping to regulate blood pressure), bone development, energy production, the maintenance of normal heart rhythm, and the regulation of glucose, among other important roles. Physiologically, it acts as a calcium antagonist. Thus, the effects of low magnesium are widespread. Low magnesium intake over time can increase the risk of illnesses, including high blood pressure and heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, osteoporosis, and migraines.