information:filtering, linguistic:voice_change
Long line

The long line model is used when a higher degree of accuracy is needed or when the line under consideration is more than 250 km (160 mi) long. Series resistance and shunt conductance are considered to be distributed parameters, such that each differential length of the line has a corresponding differential series impedance and shunt admittance. The following result can be applied at any point along the transmission line, where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the propagation constant.

To find the voltage and current at the end of the long line, x {\displaystyle x} should be replaced with l {\displaystyle l} (the line length) in all parameters of the transmission matrix. This model applies the Telegrapher's equations.