[{"bbox": [97, 153, 1134, 204], "category": "Text", "text": "people's livelihood and human development. The proposed action will promote household latrines and Open defecation free (ODF) communities."}, {"bbox": [97, 220, 1134, 352], "category": "Text", "text": "Climate proofing will be applied to all rural WASH facilities in the schools healthcentres, communities and other places of human agglomeration. Additionally, communication campaigns will target school kids as access points to families and communities on the dissemination of WASH benefits for environment and health. Developing community awareness on reducing water pollution, protection of watersheds and water sources and the causes and impacts of climate change will be included in the action."}, {"bbox": [97, 364, 1134, 416], "category": "List-item", "text": "* **Weak institutional framework, capacities, funding and sector coordination among mandated institutions and other stakeholders**"}, {"bbox": [97, 429, 1134, 745], "category": "Text", "text": "The WASH sector in Bougainville faces three main challenges: a limited institutional framework and sector responsibilities, limited budgetary allocations, and limited human resources³. The ABG Department of Health (DoH) is responsible for overall WaSH policies, while the District Development Authorities⁴ are responsible for delivering WASH services. WASH in schools is managed by the Department of Education. However, these local authorities do not have the capacity to fulfil their mandate nor are they fully aware of their role in the sector, including access to funding for WASH related services. Bottlenecks identified at the ABG and district levels include: poor planning and decision making mechanisms, unclear sector responsibilities particularly in rural areas, lack of funds, lack of operations and maintenance for existing water supply schemes and poor sector monitoring and a lack of available data (including disaggregated data). Building institutional support and capacities, including data and digital technology, of the ABG (which is only now starting to take over WaSH policy responsibilities from the Government of PNG), will enable in the medium term the authorities to fulfil their role and mandate in the sector."}, {"bbox": [136, 760, 680, 787], "category": "List-item", "text": "* **Conflict sensitive issues around WaSH programmes**"}, {"bbox": [97, 787, 1134, 998], "category": "Text", "text": "WaSH programmes can interact in various ways with conflict dynamics and conflict drivers, based on patronage, kinship or political affiliation, or gender exclusionary norms. For this reason, participatory and gender inclusive approaches are extremely important in WaSH programmes. Another driver of tensions and divisions is linked to access and control of water resources, which are often managed on the basis of both statutory and customary water rights. Water sheds and on flow water rights may interact with upstream-downstream local conflicts between different communities, creating water disputes. In addition to that, water management may interact with environmental grievances against mining industries. What is true for land conflict therefore is equally true for the management of water resources in WaSH programmes."}, {"bbox": [97, 1012, 1134, 1066], "category": "Text", "text": "Identification of main stakeholders and corresponding institutional and/or organisational issues (mandates, potential roles, and capacities) to be covered by the action: **Government**"}, {"bbox": [97, 1078, 1134, 1423], "category": "Text", "text": "While at central PNG government level the **WaSH Program Management Unit (PMU)** under the **Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM)** remains responsible and the main duty bearer, for the implementation of PNG's National WaSH policy and overall WASH sector coordination. Responsibilities for WaSH in Bougainville are progressively being transferred to the **Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG)**, notably its **Departments of Health and Education**. However, ABG's capacities for implementation, standard setting, monitoring and evaluation, WaSH data management, and coordination of stakeholders, remain very low. The ABG highlights access to WASH in schools, health care facilities and communities a priority in the Bougainville Strategic Plan 2018-2022. At local level, **District Development Authorities (DDA)** are supposed to be the major vehicle for delivering services at the local level⁵ and the key driver for implementation of national policies. DDAs set local development priorities, develop five-year plans and allocate funds accordingly including reporting on implementation. To date however, DDAs' capacity is still very limited and thus their effective role requires some support. The main actor and beneficiary of the action will be the targeted rural communities including women and men in all their diversity, in the South Bougainville District."}, {"bbox": [86, 1524, 952, 1550], "category": "Footnote", "text": "³ Cooper, R. 2019. Political economy of Papua New Guinea and the water, sanitation and hygiene sector"}, {"bbox": [86, 1549, 952, 1573], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴ District Development Authority (DDA) Act 2014; Basic level of service delivery will be through DDA"}, {"bbox": [86, 1573, 1144, 1646], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁵ In 2015, Provinces, Districts and Local Level Governments received a budget of PGK 3.67 billion (approx. EUR 1.2 B) or 23 % of the national budget. In addition, resources from the District Education Infrastructure Program (PGK 267 M or EUR 90 M) and District Health Infrastructure Program (PGK 178 M or EUR 60 M) are being implemented at the subnational level."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1681, 1144, 1705], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 6 of 19"}]