[{"bbox": [110, 87, 1164, 221], "category": "Text", "text": "projections indicate marked temperatures increase, more frequent and intense dry spells as well as exacerbated risks of floods and cyclones. The densely populated coastal lowlands will suffer by growing erosion, saltwater intrusion, loss of vital infrastructure and the spread of diseases such as malaria, cholera, and influenza. Changing rainfall patterns will lead to a decrease of soil water recharge, affecting ground water resources and the water table, while reduction of river flows will decrease the availability of surface water."}, {"bbox": [110, 232, 1164, 446], "category": "Text", "text": "Climate change has disproportionate effects on **women and girls**, since they are more dependent on natural resources for household and productive tasks. Women are usually responsible for crop production (men are in charge of livestock) and availability of food and water for the household. Women's rights and control over natural resources are limited and they are often underrepresented in decision-making bodies, particularly women from more marginalised groups, such as women with disabilities. Women's burdens are aggravated when men migrate to urban areas or abroad (common coping strategy to climate-related hazards)¹⁸. In many areas, over 50% of households are female-headed. Climate change has also had a direct and indirect impact on the effective enjoyment of a wide range of human rights for everyone, including persons with disabilities."}, {"bbox": [110, 456, 1164, 829], "category": "Text", "text": "Mozambique has been a party to the UNFCCC since 1995 and has committed to reducing its carbon emissions. The country has also ratified the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) encouraging the adoption and implementation of disaster risk reduction legislation, as well as the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 and the Paris Agreement in November 2017. In addition, the country has also developed an integrated national climate change institutional framework, built upon several key legislative acts and development policies. The Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA) is responsible for climate change management and is the focal point for the UNFCCC. The main internal programmatic instrument is the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy 2013-2025 (ENAMMC). An updated Nationally Determined Contribution¹⁹ (NDC), closely aligned to the ENAMMC, was submitted to UNFCCC secretariat prior to COP26. Meanwhile, at the local level, MTA has been leading the elaboration of Local Adaptation Plans (LAPs) in close cooperation with districts and municipalities, so that in 2022, 122 districts and municipalities have a LAP. Regarding **Disaster Risk Management** the National Institute for Disaster Risk Management and Reduction (INGD) has the coordinating mandate which is built on the National Disaster Risk Reduction Master Plan 2017-2030 (PDRRD). Its integration with the climate change strategy is still work in progress, as it is the case for the overall inter-institutional systemic coordination."}, {"bbox": [110, 839, 1164, 948], "category": "Text", "text": "Recognising the more severe impact that climate change has on women, Mozambique was the first country in the world to develop a Gender, Environment and Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan in 2010. The commitment to gender mainstreaming has been referenced in key policy documents in the sector since then, including the Climate Change and Gender Action Plan for the Republic of Mozambique²⁰."}, {"bbox": [110, 958, 1164, 1067], "category": "Text", "text": "In terms of resources, even though climate change is integrated in the Government of Mozambique five-year plan 2020-2024, actions on climate resilience remain heavily dependent on external financing. In the absence of clear tagging of dedicated public expenditure within the State Budget, it is yet not possible to assess the level of spending contributing to the national climate change agenda, both in terms of mitigation and adaptation, by key sectors."}, {"bbox": [110, 1077, 1164, 1212], "category": "Text", "text": "Mozambique joined the **NDC Partnership** in 2017 and launched its Partnership Plan in November 2018. This outlines climate change priorities of 21 Government institutions and has support from 18 development partners. Mozambique is working on transformational changes, including developing large-scale climate-resilience and adaptation investments, renewable energy projects, and a comprehensive MRV system, as well as gender mainstreaming of its Climate change action."}, {"bbox": [110, 1222, 1164, 1331], "category": "Text", "text": "Over the last ten years, the **EU and its Member States** (including Belgium, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy and Denmark) have provided significant support to Climate Action in Mozambique. Within the EU Green Deal TEI, ongoing and expected investment over the 2020-2027 period is projected to reach 1 billion EUR (for adaptation and mitigation)."}, {"bbox": [110, 1341, 1164, 1449], "category": "Text", "text": "More specifically on Local Adaptation Plans, the EU²¹, Sweden and Belgium have financed implementation in 17 districts over the past 4 years: Belgium and Sweden were active in Inhambane and Gaza and the EU in Nampula and Zambezia. All partners will keep expanding their support to LAPs' implementation in their new programming cycle, maintaining the same geographical division of labour."}, {"bbox": [100, 1525, 1158, 1572], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁸ Arnall, A.H. (2006): Understanding Adaptive Capacity at the Local Level in Mozambique. ACCRA. http://community.eldis.org/.5af30949/Mozambique_Synthesis_Report_3_WEB.pdf"}, {"bbox": [100, 1571, 922, 1596], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁹ https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Mozambique%20First/NDC_EN_Final.pdf."}, {"bbox": [100, 1594, 1055, 1643], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁰ https://genderclimatetracker.org/sites/default/files/Resources/2014_IUCN_Climate-Change-Gender-Action-Plan-Mozambique.pdf"}, {"bbox": [100, 1641, 950, 1667], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²¹ Through the GCCA+ Building Local Climate Resilience in Mozambique (MERCIM) – ENV/2017/040-491"}, {"bbox": [1051, 1666, 1158, 1690], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 5 of 24"}]