[{"bbox": [82, 104, 1148, 478], "category": "Text", "text": "Yemen was already the poorest country in the Middle East prior to the escalation of conflict. Between 40% and 60% of the population now has limited or no access to basic services. Yemen's economy has failed, with depreciation of the Riyal and widespread economic impact due to port closures and collapse of employment. The combined impact of economic devastation, conflict and climate has affected livelihoods and food security: Yemen is reliant on imports for 90% of its foodstuffs, as well as other basic commodities, creating a structural and systemic vulnerability to food insecurity. Research by the Conflict and Environment Observatory¹⁰ indicates 257,000 hectares of cropland is exhibiting signs of distress, approximately equivalent to the total cropland in Jordan or Lebanon, whilst the World Bank¹¹ estimated productivity decline on two-thirds of the total cropland between 2014-2017. Between January – June 2021, 16.2 million (54% of the population) were expected to experience acute levels of food insecurity: 11 million at crisis level (Integrated food security Phase Classification (IPC) Phase 3), 5 million at emergency level (IPC Phase 4) and 47,000 at catastrophic level, famine-like conditions (IPC Phase 5). Over 2.25 million children and more than 1 million pregnant and lactating women are projected to suffer acute malnutrition in 2021, according to IPC. Among the most destructive conflicts since the end of the Cold War, the long-term impacts of conflict are vast: if the conflict were to end in 2022, human development would be set back 26 years—over one generation."}, {"bbox": [82, 500, 1148, 637], "category": "Text", "text": "The Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index¹² ranks Yemen among the countries least prepared for climate shocks and among the most vulnerable to climate change. Between April and August 2020, heavy rains and flooding devastated communities, causing deaths and injuries, destroying infrastructure and livelihoods, and increasing the spread of deadly diseases. Tens of thousands of families were affected, many of them already displaced. Other natural hazards pose a threat, including desert locust infestations."}, {"bbox": [82, 661, 1148, 796], "category": "Text", "text": "Yemen has the fourth highest level of internal displacement in the world. More than 4 million people have been displaced since 2015, including 172,000 who fled their homes in 2020. Most internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Yemen have been displaced for more than two years, and often multiple times, straining their resources, and exacerbating vulnerabilities. Moreover, the influx of large numbers of IDPs can put an additional burden on resources and infrastructure in hosting communities, often also conflict-affected and with significant humanitarian needs."}, {"bbox": [82, 800, 1148, 961], "category": "Text", "text": "Women and young people become increasingly vulnerable as the conflict wears on. Some 76 percent of IDPs are women and children, and nearly 21 percent of IDP households are headed by women under the age of 18. UNDP's Gender Inequality Index (GII) scores Yemen a value of 0.795, ranking it 179 out of 189 countries in the 2020 index¹³. The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index 2021¹⁴ ranks Yemen Lowest in region, and 2nd lowest in world rating 155 of 156. Yemen scores lowest political engagement, where there are no women ministers and only 0.3% of parliamentarians are female."}, {"bbox": [86, 977, 327, 1010], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2. Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [82, 1022, 840, 1050], "category": "Text", "text": "Short problem analysis: The main problems that this Action intends to address are:"}, {"bbox": [107, 1075, 524, 1102], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### 1. Local conflicts and lack of basic services"}, {"bbox": [82, 1102, 1148, 1289], "category": "Text", "text": "Local conflicts in rural areas in Yemen are often driven by the **scarcity of resources** (water, land, food) and by the lack of community structures and institutions to encourage and facilitate consensual and peaceful resolution. This is further exacerbated by the conflict and the pressures it has brought on communities due to **internal displacement**. Conflict and economic ruin have significantly degraded the quality, quantity and accessibility of Yemen's public services, institutions and essential infrastructure. Local authorities and community-based institutions are naturally called on to fill the void and lead efforts to enable communities' resilience. Increased poverty, continued perception of corruption, a high inflation rate, and mounting fiscal pressure create discontent and increase vulnerability."}, {"bbox": [107, 1314, 674, 1342], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### 2. Energy, environmental protection and climate adaptation"}, {"bbox": [82, 1341, 1148, 1475], "category": "Text", "text": "Even before the conflict, Yemen was one of the world's **most energy insecure** countries, with 23% energy access rates in rural areas, where 75% of the national population lives. Access to reliable energy is a structural problem, due to a lack of adequate infrastructure of on-grid systems. Energy supply is limited due to weak generation capacity, **limited access**, high electricity losses from the grid, and growing demand. Increased fuel prices have affected and restricted access to power from generators run off the power-grid. In rural and isolated areas, this has an especially"}, {"bbox": [72, 1542, 393, 1567], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁰ Yemen's agriculture in distress - CEOBS."}, {"bbox": [72, 1568, 432, 1592], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹¹ YemenUpdateDec.2019.pdf (worldbank.org)."}, {"bbox": [72, 1593, 774, 1616], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹² Rankings // Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative // University of Notre Dame (nd.edu)."}, {"bbox": [72, 1617, 244, 1639], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹³ YEM.pdf (undp.org)."}, {"bbox": [72, 1639, 378, 1663], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁴ WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf (weforum.org)."}, {"bbox": [1050, 1663, 1158, 1687], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 5 of 22"}]