[{"bbox": [178, 162, 1163, 217], "category": "List-item", "text": "advocacy. These damages in contrast to the proven benefits of *in-situ* upgradation have to be reminded to relevant authorities and politicians."}, {"bbox": [141, 217, 1163, 322], "category": "List-item", "text": "3. **Public participation in slum upgrading** is an invaluable precondition to its success. It usually takes a long time, which projects aiming at implementing upgrades can seldom afford. Capitalising on 10 years of EU-funded PSUP preparatory work by UN-Habitat represents an opportunity for the EU to achieve valuable transformations and to lead by example."}, {"bbox": [141, 322, 1163, 454], "category": "List-item", "text": "4. **Social, affordable and low-cost housing** cannot be provided solely by formal market mechanisms. In fact, formal market developers have not delivered low-cost housing at scale in any rapidly urbanising context. Solutions at scale require tapping mainly on the huge potential of communities, households and informal private actors in contributing towards co-production with their own resources (human, technical, social, financial, etc...)."}, {"bbox": [141, 454, 1163, 561], "category": "List-item", "text": "5. For the success of social and affordable housing, **anti-speculative mechanisms are necessary** such as availing land banks for social and low-cost housing, ensuring the security of tenure that does not collateralise houses e.g. 'community land trusts' as opposed to free-hold titles; cooperative housing and public rental as opposed to developer-le,; etc..."}, {"bbox": [141, 561, 1163, 693], "category": "List-item", "text": "6. **Affordable, social and low-cost housing also offer a viable opportunity to increase the local revenue base that cities inevitably need to deliver public services.** Therefore, instead of providing fiscal rebates to formal developers who do not trickle down savings to end users, it is more effective and efficient for the public sector to co-invest with private actors using land-based financing (e.g. public land used as 'patient equity' that will benefit from land value increases)."}, {"bbox": [141, 693, 1163, 853], "category": "List-item", "text": "7. **Delivering low-cost housing at scale:** owner-driven incremental housing (also known as aided-self-help, people's process, co-production, etc...), based on conditional cash grants and loans to households and communities directly assisted technically to achieving construction milestones, is one of the few approaches delivering low-cost adequate housing in the scale of the dozens of millions in rapidly urbanising middle-income economies for half the cost of the cheapest formal developer housing units. There is therefore large potential in unlocking supply through this approach in Kenya."}, {"bbox": [104, 864, 748, 891], "category": "Section-header", "text": "**Lessons Learnt on rural climate change adaptation and resilience:**"}, {"bbox": [141, 891, 1163, 972], "category": "List-item", "text": "1. **Devolution has created both opportunities and challenges for drought risk management and EDE.** County governments are key partners in this action, which seeks to strengthen the effectiveness, reach, and impact of their preparedness and response activities as well as the inter-governmental oversight of EDE."}, {"bbox": [141, 982, 1163, 1090], "category": "List-item", "text": "2. **Effective coordination of drought risk management requires both political and technical leadership.** The process of reforming DRM coordination as outlined under the NDEF regulations, EDE structures and investment planning will pay special attention to the management of political dynamics and competing imperatives across the two levels of government and among development partners."}, {"bbox": [141, 1100, 1163, 1209], "category": "List-item", "text": "3. **The integration of drought risk management priorities into planning frameworks is a necessary but not sufficient condition for action.** The focus of this action is on the breadth, depth, and quality of investment in DRM/EDE, and on measures likely to increase the stake of different actors in the drought risk management system."}, {"bbox": [86, 1294, 398, 1325], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 3.5 The Intervention Logic"}, {"bbox": [96, 1353, 595, 1378], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### On sustainable, inclusive and resilient urbanisation"}, {"bbox": [96, 1380, 1163, 1566], "category": "Text", "text": "The phenomenon of rapid urbanisation in Kenya results broadly, from successful economic policies underpinning economic growth (pull factors) and, from reduced employment in the agricultural sector partly due to climate change as well as to mechanisation of the agricultural sector (push factors). Kenya still has a low urbanisation rate, but it grows by 0.5 percentage points per year. With economic liberalisation and reduction of government involvement in key economic sectors, including urban planning, infrastructure development and housing, uncontrolled urbanisation has created large areas of unplanned settlements. This has generated safety, health and environmental hazards, leading to an increased social divide and potential for social unrest."}, {"bbox": [1056, 1680, 1170, 1705], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 23 of 37"}]