[{"bbox": [170, 161, 1157, 243], "category": "Text", "text": "The NMA's transport challenge is not only mobilising investment for public transport infrastructure. It is also about promoting the necessary institutional and political economy transformations required for a public transport system that is more efficient, safer, inclusive, and cleaner."}, {"bbox": [133, 268, 1015, 296], "category": "Section-header", "text": "**2. Continuous settling of population in slums/informal settlements in inhuman conditions**"}, {"bbox": [170, 296, 1157, 430], "category": "Text", "text": "More than 50 percent of the urban population in Kenya live in informal settlements (also called slums). It is predicted that over half the national population will be living in cities by 2050. Overcrowding of settlements with inadequate basic services, such as adequate housing, water, sanitation, energy and solid waste management will continue to exacerbate urban poverty, inequality and human development. As seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, incidence in informal settlements has been relatively higher."}, {"bbox": [170, 453, 1157, 641], "category": "Text", "text": "Kenya has legal and policy frameworks for dealing with informal settlements upgrading, development of affordable housing and land management. These include the National Urban Development Policy (2016), the National Housing Policy (Sessional Paper No 3 of April 2016), the Kenya Slum Upgrading and Prevention Policy, the National Land Policy, the newly enacted Sectional Properties Act, PLUPA, 2019 and other land laws, regulations and frameworks that complement and facilitate housing and planning interventions. A key challenge however is the magnitude of the needs and the requirement of comprehensively implementing urban interventions to achieve the intended impact."}, {"bbox": [170, 665, 1157, 774], "category": "Text", "text": "GoK programmes such as the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Programme (KISIP) (financed by the WB) and the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KenSUP), have been successful but have not delivered to scale due to funding limitations. Despite their huge relevance and success in positively impacting low-income households, these interventions are practically anecdotal in terms of scale."}, {"bbox": [170, 798, 1157, 933], "category": "Text", "text": "Similarly, the EU has funded the Participatory Slum-upgrading Programme (PSUP) for over 10 years in Kenya through UN-Habitat's headquarters in Nairobi. Kenya has developed plans for implementation for eight slums, but these have not been executed due to the lack of resourcing. The full lifecycle through to community benefit has not been reached. This offers an opportunity for the EU to leverage the required financing to implement the plans."}, {"bbox": [133, 957, 999, 985], "category": "Section-header", "text": "**3. Increasing gap between supply and demand for adequate and green low-cost housing**"}, {"bbox": [170, 985, 1157, 1198], "category": "Text", "text": "The 2019 Kenya census accounted for 12.1 million households, with a breakdown of 74% rural and 26% urban. National housing demand stands at 250 000 additional units annually with a formal sector supply of a mere 50 000 units. The estimated current shortage is at 2 million units, and it will increase to 8 million in less than a decade. GoK's estimated investment requirements to meet housing demand over 20 years is between USD 45 000 000 000 to 90 000 000 000. The GoK's Big Four Agenda set itself a target of delivering 500 000 affordable homes across the 47 counties which will not be met. Neither will the Kenya Mortgage Re-finance Company (KMRC) deliver more than an anecdotal number of mortgages since most people can simply not afford housing delivered by the formal markets."}, {"bbox": [170, 1222, 1157, 1542], "category": "Text", "text": "The housing sector in Kenya can be categorised into four sub-markets: 'incremental' mostly in rural and peri-urban areas; 'slums' mainly urban; 'small landlord' urban; and 'formal' urban. Most supply is facilitated by informal sources e.g. over 65% of housing units constructed are household/owner-driven (S. Shah et al, AFD & PROPARCO Study 2020) meaning people use whatever they can and local informal supply chains to construct houses. Without adequate guidance, these houses may be affordable but inadequate. GoK's strategy to affordable housing is mostly focusing on the public-private-partnerships (PPPs) led by formal developers, an approach which has not delivered low-cost housing to scale anywhere in the rapidly urbanising world. Globally, the only publicly-supported low-cost housing programmes⁴ that have delivered at scale (of millions) involve partnerships between the public sector, private formal and informal supply of construction services and supplies along with people and communities in a position to co-produce housing. There are numerous experiences to learn from both globally and in Africa. To deliver low-cost housing at scale, a paradigm and policy shift is required to unlock such evidence-based solutions."}, {"bbox": [85, 1596, 1170, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴ Namely in India through 'aided self-help', in Sri Lanka with 'home owner-driven construction', in Afghanistan and Nepal through 'peoples' processes', and to a large extent also across in Latin America through 'community-led construction'."}, {"bbox": [1067, 1680, 1170, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 9 of 37"}]