[{"bbox": [144, 120, 1119, 207], "category": "Text", "text": "migration- and institutional fragility perpetuate the cycle of poverty, vulnerability and food insecurity in Bangladesh, such as in Cox-Bazaar, which is facing one of the greatest migration and refugee challenge in the region, through the exodus of the Rohingyaas from Myanmar."}, {"bbox": [144, 220, 1119, 480], "category": "Text", "text": "Moreover, some areas of Bangladesh are facing specific climate, economic and socio-political challenges, Water-logging and salinization -by climate induced sea level rise- compromise the water and land management of the poor of South-West Bangladesh. Also due to changing climate patterns, the North-West of Bangladesh is prone to droughts and affected by river erosion, while the central northern region is subject to seasonal flooding. Climate change will place pressure on existing agricultural calendars with likely changes in the intensity and variability. In the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) socio-political challenges such as land conflicts, exposure to climate change risks, ethnic and cultural diversity vis-à-vis the majority of the Bengali population, and inadequate development/peace dividends have created a specific kind of emergency and vulnerability."}, {"bbox": [144, 492, 1119, 724], "category": "Text", "text": "Bangladesh's urban population has grown extraordinarily fast over the past two decades. Greater internal migration in response to better job opportunities is by far the most important factor behind this phenomenon, with climate change and growing pressure on natural resources further spinning the process. In Dhaka, where thousands enter each day, migrants are often employed in low-skilled marginal jobs and face appalling working and living conditions, with a very limited or non-access to basic services of a weak urban infrastructure. In that context, Bangladeshis have always been prone to seek employment options overseas, with presently around 9.5 million migrant workers generating remittance equivalent to 11% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)."}, {"bbox": [144, 736, 1120, 1054], "category": "Text", "text": "In response to those extreme levels of poverty and vulnerability, Bangladesh has a long history of **social safety nets** -in kind and cash-, particularly for the rural poor. However, addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability to mitigate risks requires stronger governance, with enhanced institutional capacity and accountability at all levels. Moreover, slow progress on decentralization means that local governments have limited means to address poverty, vulnerability and risk in their communities. Similarly, vulnerable people need to be further empowered to actively participate in local planning processes and claim/access their rights, particularly to promote full transparency and accountability around the public safety nets. A critical element will be the education, skills development and livelihoods promotion of the people living in poverty, particularly for women and girls to improve gender outcomes, as well as the enhanced access to both farm and non-farm decent employment."}, {"bbox": [144, 1066, 1120, 1413], "category": "Text", "text": "Bangladesh is making steady progress towards gender equality through the empowerment of women and girls. However, women's access to opportunities for income generation and employment is less as compared to men. Women's reduced mobility and disempowerment also lead to inequalities vis a vis market systems and skills training. Traditionally, women in rural areas and indigenous women have limited rights and access to communal lands, often have the burden of dowry payments, and girls are exposed to child marriage risks. Adequate attention to and investment in childcare is crucial to avoid any detrimental impact of economic empowerment interventions on maternal and child nutrition. Partnering with government institutions tasked to spearhead women empowerment issues can create opportunities to improve the governance and targeting of social security/protection schemes to better assist women. The empowerment of the poorest/most vulnerable will be considered at the policy level and integrated in strategies, planning and programming."}, {"bbox": [160, 1426, 559, 1455], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 1.2 Policy Framework (Global, EU)"}, {"bbox": [144, 1482, 1120, 1540], "category": "Text", "text": "The 7th Five Year Plan 2016-2020 (7FYP) highlights the need to reduce poverty and promote inclusive growth, paying particular attention to the so-called 'lagging regions' where incidence of"}, {"bbox": [605, 1606, 630, 1628], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "[5]"}]