[{"bbox": [97, 152, 1135, 204], "category": "Text", "text": "environmental risky areas (steep slopes), up-hill and down-hill, equally facing isolation and segregation of the urban fabric."}, {"bbox": [97, 235, 644, 262], "category": "Text", "text": "The intervention intends to tackle three main sub-problems:"}, {"bbox": [97, 290, 813, 317], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Settlements remain un-serviced and the sole responsibility of the public sector"}, {"bbox": [97, 345, 1135, 613], "category": "Text", "text": "Informal settlements faces serious infrastructural shortage, from access roads to water and sanitation, proper street lighting, etc. Access to health and education if they are located in remote areas is also a challenge, making these settlements even more disconnected and under-serviced. The City of Kigali has limited resources to design or implement its master plan, and address those issues, as well as limited funding and capacity available for land readjustment and infrastructure investments to enact plans. Land development implementation guidelines are incomplete and/or ineffective. While some initiatives have started piloting land readjustment processes, looking at densifying housing patterns and lowering the cost of construction, the City is yet to come by a model that would successfully allow land redevelopment measures to finance upgrading works (through land value capture) and generate sufficient interest from private sector in infrastructure provision. There is therefore a need to pilot cost-effective ways to implement the Kigali master plan."}, {"bbox": [97, 641, 540, 668], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Supply of housing is unable to meet the demand"}, {"bbox": [97, 696, 1135, 1069], "category": "Text", "text": "With regard to housing, a considerable gap between supply and demand for formal housing remains a major concern for the sector. Of the 4029 units planned by the government for 2020/21, only 1884 units equivalent to 46% were delivered in the last fiscal year (2020/21), which clearly shows the difficulty of achieving the 15 000 units planned by 2024 from the 1000 baseline units supplied in 2019/20. The high cost of construction in the current market is one of the main causes of this shortage, partly due to the cost of imported construction materials, such as cement, but also due to the lack of development of the local construction materials industry. Housing finance is equally expensive, with mortgage interest rates in the country at around 17%, which is considered the highest in the region. The housing supply deficit is further exacerbated by existing legal instruments, housing policy and related financial policies, which are not sufficiently streamlined to enable the private sector to play an effective role. Regulations are restrictive, for example in Kigali, especially prior to the recent master plan update, the high cost of housing is directly attributed to the effects of building setbacks, lot size restrictions, building height restrictions, road widths and the provision and regulation of various housing related services. There is therefore a need to explore as many alternative housing improvement processes as possible in a prospective manner, keeping in mind their financial model and affordability implications."}, {"bbox": [97, 1097, 677, 1124], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Insufficient adaptation measures taken to mitigate climate risks"}, {"bbox": [97, 1152, 1135, 1446], "category": "Text", "text": "Over the past 30 years the frequency, intensity of extreme events have increased in Rwanda. The main hazards identified across all districts include landslides, flash/surface floods, rainstorms and strong winds. Kigali is seriously affected by these climate-related hazards, in particular flooding and landslides, which informal settlements experience even more due to their geographical locations (on the city's slopes, or further down in wetlands zones). Frequent flooding is also influenced by inadequate drainage and excess impervious surfaces in these settlements, but also in the surrounding areas due to the current unsustainable practice of land developers diverting flood waters to adjacent properties. The government of Rwanda is keen to address the problem and has commissioned a storm-water master plan for Kigali, with World Bank support. Feasibility studies are also being prepared to provide adaption measures downstream, by rehabilitating the main wetlands of the city, which play a critical role in terms of flood management and urban biodiversity. Means to successfully address those challenges and implement those strategies have however not been fully identified yet."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1680, 1142, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 6 of 21"}]