[{"bbox": [97, 153, 1163, 312], "category": "Text", "text": "challenges linked to unclear domestic guidance on nesting from both an emission (carbon accounting standards) and land management approach (evidence of land ownership and management approaches) as well as what benefit sharing structures are required. A number of the constraints above have also resulted in confusion in many areas about required standards and performance of sub-national project scale actions (particularly in the forestry / REDD+ space), risks allowing low quality projects to go ahead and has created a deterrent for high value investors keen to work within a clear regulatory regime. REDD+ has also been linked to substantial risks of conflict."}, {"bbox": [97, 324, 706, 352], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Lack of alternative/ green livelihood and income opportunities"}, {"bbox": [97, 352, 1163, 562], "category": "Text", "text": "Significant barriers exist to develop sustainable rural enterprises that link to operational, regulatory and broader operating environment in PNG. PNG has some of the most challenging global geography which when combined with limited infrastructure and low levels of trade present significant barriers in moving products to market. Many regulatory regimes are outdated or do not provide for diversified business approaches, especially within the forest sector. These are combined with a broader context where conflicts over land and resources are common place, security is poor, the court system is overloaded and high risks of corruption present an unconducive environment for attracting investors. Gender norms pose additional challenges for women to participate in income-generating opportunities limited by the fact that men control most of the resources."}, {"bbox": [97, 576, 884, 603], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Community level implementation of FCCB/ sustainable land stewardship models"}, {"bbox": [97, 603, 1163, 815], "category": "Text", "text": "The above challenges are reflected in realities at community/ protected and conservation areas levels. Specific issues for the Managalas Conservation Area include: outdated and disconnected community/local/ provincial byelaws, plans and policies; accompanied with inadequate enforcement of forest use, forest protection and round wood sales related regulation; high value but under-remunerated forest resources and their ecosystem services; under-developed agriculture and forest commodity and service value chains and infrastructure; increasing land/soil and forest habitat degradation and hence comprised environmental service provision and community livelihoods; inadequately leveraged human and social capital for landscape stewardship, larger development opportunities and better social cohesion; poor and fragmented data/analyses, resulting in sub-optimal land use planning, monitoring and trading."}, {"bbox": [97, 826, 389, 853], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Gender, Youth, Digitalization"}, {"bbox": [97, 853, 1163, 987], "category": "Text", "text": "With a gender inequality index (GII) of 0.740, PNG ranks 161 out of 162 countries in the 2018 index, linked to a number of cross societal challenges including limited representation of women in key decision-making positions, gaps in access to and levels of schooling, low levels and access to healthcare, gender-based violence as well as disparities in participation within the formal economy. Many of these challenges are linked to cultural norms that tend to favour the role of men in leadership, allocation of resources and decision-making in PNG."}, {"bbox": [97, 997, 1163, 1181], "category": "Text", "text": "About 60 percent of PNG's population is under 25 years old, making the creation of a better future for young people, including those with disabilities and coming from marginalized groups essential to development. Moreover, high population growth rate ensure that young people will remain an important segment of the country's population for years to come. The Global Youth Development Index (2016) ranks PNG 126 out of 183 countries. Youth challenges include underrepresentation in decision-making spaces and lack of access to education and employment opportunities, Very low levels of connectivity and lack of use of digital tools negatively impact the implementation of FCCB policies at all levels."}, {"bbox": [85, 1214, 1035, 1272], "category": "Text", "text": "Identification of main stakeholders and corresponding institutional and/or organisational issues (mandates, potential roles, and capacities) to be covered by the action"}, {"bbox": [97, 1302, 1155, 1357], "category": "Text", "text": "The comprehensive and systemic nature of this action requires involving in multiple ways a wide range of stake-holders."}, {"bbox": [97, 1372, 1163, 1587], "category": "Text", "text": "(1) Main Government stakeholders / duty bearers are the central and local government entities in charge of overall government planning of Forestry, Environmental Protection and Climate Change: Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM), Department for Environmental Protection and its agencies - Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) and Conservation and Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA); Department for Forestry and PNG Forest Authority (PNGFA), and Forest Research Institute. Other central government entities involved are the Department of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP), Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL); Department of Provincial and Local Level Government Affairs (DPLLGA), Department for Information and Communication Technology (DICT), National Maritime Safety Authority (on illegal exports of round logs); Tourism"}, {"bbox": [85, 1657, 193, 1682], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 9 of 32"}]