[{"bbox": [101, 89, 336, 120], "category": "Section-header", "text": "2 RATIONALE"}, {"bbox": [101, 154, 248, 181], "category": "Section-header", "text": "2.1 Context"}, {"bbox": [111, 213, 1163, 399], "category": "Text", "text": "Mozambique remains one of the bottom ten countries in the world in terms of human development⁵, suffering increasing inequality⁶, including significant gender differences⁷, and substantial disparities between north and south (with high levels of poverty concentrated in the former) and between urban and rural areas, as well as conflict affected areas in the North. Poverty affects close to half of the population (48.4%) that live - mainly in rural areas - below the 1.9 USD per day poverty line. While progress has been made in recent years⁸, due to growth in the economy's emerging sectors (such as services and extractive), evidence shows that the distribution of income is increasingly unequal, undermining the benefits of any (fragile) economic growth."}, {"bbox": [111, 411, 1163, 597], "category": "Text", "text": "Mozambique is also one of the most risk-prone countries to weather-related hazards and to the impact of climate change in the world⁹, experiencing with increasing regularity floods, droughts and cyclones and severely suffering from coastal erosion, rising water levels and soil salinization. Historical climate analysis¹⁰ for the country shows temperatures already increasing and growing rainfall variability. With its fragile socioeconomic conditions and high levels of poverty and underdevelopment, sensitivity to the effects of climatic extremes is further intensified, particularly for women, for whom agriculture is the main activity in the communities, and for all those whose livelihoods depend on the ecosystem¹¹."}, {"bbox": [111, 609, 1163, 796], "category": "Text", "text": "Mozambique's **vulnerability** results from multiple factors: i) physical location along the coast of the Indian ocean, where dozens of cyclones are formed each year, and downstream of nine international river basins; ii) high dependency on climate sensitive productive sectors (e.g. subsistence agriculture, livestock, and fisheries¹²); iii) interlinkages with high levels of poverty, in a context of limited Government's response capacities, challenges as regards the rule of law and vulnerable socio-economic and food systems; iv) overlapping between climate change risks and conflict dynamics in certain region of the country; v) environmental degradation due to extractive industries and other types of natural resources exploitation."}, {"bbox": [111, 806, 1163, 941], "category": "Text", "text": "Cyclones, flooding and droughts affect about 2 million¹³ people every year, with an impact on the economy estimated by the World Bank at USD 7.6 billion dollars by 2050. In 2019, two powerful cyclones (Idai and Kenneth) submerged about 80% of the Country's second major city (Beira), flagging Mozambique's urgent need for vigorous climate change adaptation measures, and triggered additional funding and interventions on climate change by multiple partners, including the European Union¹⁴."}, {"bbox": [111, 952, 1163, 1165], "category": "Text", "text": "This vulnerability is exacerbated by increasing **ecosystem and natural capital degradation**. Reports by the *Ministério da Terra, do Ambiente e do Desenvolvimento Rural* (MITADER¹⁵) in 2018, highlighted that between 2003 and 2016 Mozambique lost, on average, 267,029 ha/year (0.79%) of forest cover¹⁶. If current trends prevail, this is expected to increase to about 514,000 ha/year by 2030. As the majority of the population (60%) and major cities are located along the coast, coastal resources and ecosystem are likely to suffer the most. Reports¹⁷ show that mangrove forest has dropped from nearly 400,000 ha in 1990 to nearly half of it (between 225-288,000ha) in 2016. Over the past 3 years Mozambique lost further 43 ha/year, with 89% of such mangrove deforestation occurring in 3 provinces: Sofala, Cabo Delgado and Zambézia."}, {"bbox": [111, 1177, 1163, 1257], "category": "Text", "text": "Cabo Delgado and Nampula in the north and Sofala and Zambezia in the central part are the most populous provinces and among the poorest. In addition, since 2017 a brutal and growing insurgency, leading to large numbers of IDPs and considerable loss of lives and property, is evolving in the northern province of Cabo Delgado. Their **climatic**"}, {"bbox": [101, 1310, 601, 1333], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁵ Ranked 181 (out of 189) in the 2020 Human Development Index."}, {"bbox": [101, 1334, 1152, 1358], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁶ Gini-coefficient rose to 0.54 (2014/15) from 0.47 (2008/9), placing Mozambique among the most unequal countries in Sub-Saharan Africa."}, {"bbox": [101, 1358, 662, 1382], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁷ Human Development Index is 0.39 for women compared to 0.44 for men."}, {"bbox": [101, 1382, 1018, 1406], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁸ Reduction in poverty rate between 2008/9 and 2014/15 period of over 10 percent, from 58.7 percent to 48.4, respectively."}, {"bbox": [101, 1406, 963, 1430], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁹ The 2017 Global Climate Risk Index ranked Mozambique as the country most affected by climate change in 2015."}, {"bbox": [101, 1430, 808, 1454], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁰ Food security and livelihoods under a changing climate in Mozambique, WFP, March 2021."}, {"bbox": [101, 1454, 967, 1478], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹¹ https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/ecology/Mozambique.pdf"}, {"bbox": [101, 1478, 930, 1502], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹² The agriculture sector accounts for ca. a quarter of GDP and generate income of over 70% of the population."}, {"bbox": [101, 1502, 749, 1526], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹³ Total population 27 909 798 (2017 Census, Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE))."}, {"bbox": [101, 1526, 931, 1550], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁴ This includes for example the European Union, EUR 5 million MERCIM program for the period 2019-2023."}, {"bbox": [101, 1550, 618, 1574], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁵ Predecessor of the current Ministério da Terra e Ambiente (MTA)."}, {"bbox": [101, 1574, 1157, 1617], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁶ Deforestation and degradations are due mainly to small scale farming (65%), urbanization (12%) extraction of wood products such as timber and construction material (8%), wood fuels (7%), commercial farming (4%) cattle rearing (3%) and mining (1%)."}, {"bbox": [101, 1617, 383, 1641], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁷ Macamo (2021) and FNDS (2021)."}, {"bbox": [1051, 1666, 1158, 1690], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 4 of 24"}]