[{"bbox": [112, 100, 1163, 180], "category": "Text", "text": "Other important donors are the US, the UK and the World Bank. Several UN agencies (WFP, UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, and UNCDF) and international NGOs (Care, Save The Children, Concern, and Oxfam) have been implementing programmes on climate resilience."}, {"bbox": [101, 194, 354, 225], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2 Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [112, 241, 1163, 321], "category": "Text", "text": "Changing climatic conditions may act as “threat multiplier,” interacting with existing conflict drivers such as political and economic instability, inequality, poverty, weak governance, human right abuses, and historical grievances that exacerbate existing conflicts or trigger new ones²²."}, {"bbox": [112, 335, 761, 360], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Weak institutional and technical means for effective climate action"}, {"bbox": [112, 361, 1163, 520], "category": "Text", "text": "Acknowledging the country's extreme exposure to climate risks, which puts at risk laboured development gains, the governments of Mozambique adopted a comprehensive climate change policy over the last decade. At international level, the Country is fully committed to the climate regime as identified in the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. To this aim, the new NDC established domestic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions mitigation efforts and adaptation actions, and identified the financial needs to effectively operationalize its national climate action agenda."}, {"bbox": [112, 535, 1087, 562], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Absence of adequate tools for monitoring and reporting the implementation of climate change policy"}, {"bbox": [112, 562, 1163, 931], "category": "Text", "text": "In 2015, the Government approved the National System for Monitoring and Evaluating of Climate Change (SNMAMC). Despite improvements in its reporting and monitoring capacity on GHG emission, SNMAMC's implementation was undermined by inadequate institutional arrangements, lack of technical capacity and insufficient financial resources. In addition, under the provisions of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) of the Paris Agreement²³, signatory countries are to provide on a regular basis information on their greenhouse gases inventories and the implementation of their NDCs. Meeting these provisions (setting-up of a **measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) system**) will require substantial improvements to the current system. In 2021, the institutional arrangements required to set up a robust tracking system (MRV) on climate action were outlined in the *Road Map for the MRV system implementation*. However, there are still many weaknesses hampering proper operationalization: 1) insufficient coordination among ministries 2) little information sharing and collection, especially between different territorial levels of public administration; 3) lack of consistent procedures and regulations to operationalize the information sharing mechanisms. **The quality of the national MRV system is essential to enhance the reputation and accuracy of national data (including sex-disaggregated data) and instrumental to access climate finance.**"}, {"bbox": [112, 947, 1036, 974], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Mozambique has been facing significant challenges in mobilizing and accessing climate finance"}, {"bbox": [112, 974, 1163, 1106], "category": "Text", "text": "Despite progress achieved on climate action planning, Mozambique's access to climate finances is insufficient against the tremendous needs. Current climate finance mobilization covers 17% of the financing needs of the country's NDC and resources mobilized during the period 2010-2019 averaged around USD 320 million per year. From 2019 to date, International Climate Funds²⁴ approved a mere 64 million USD for activities in Mozambique: financing needs for the implementation of the updated NDC (2020-2025) are estimated at 7.5 billion USD."}, {"bbox": [112, 1120, 1163, 1253], "category": "Text", "text": "**Article 6 financial mechanism of the Paris Agreement**, which focuses on carbon markets, will be an important way to mobilize additional financing for the implementation of Mozambique's NDC. International cooperation through carbon markets can bring additional public and private finance and catalyse emissions reductions in countries hosting the mitigation activity. Mozambique needs support to negotiate appropriate rules for the financial mechanisms described by Article 6 so that they reflect its specific needs."}, {"bbox": [112, 1268, 923, 1295], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Insufficient multi-sectoral planning, budgeting and coordination of climate change"}, {"bbox": [112, 1295, 1163, 1347], "category": "Text", "text": "Addressing the impacts and building resilience to Climate Change requires a multi-sectoral and integrated approach, both at central and decentralized level. While Climate Change considerations have been mainstreamed through"}, {"bbox": [101, 1484, 1157, 1530], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²² United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Report of the Secretary General, *Climate change and its possible security implications*, 64th session, UN Doc A/64/350 (11 September 2009)."}, {"bbox": [101, 1530, 1157, 1596], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²³ As defined in the Decision 18/CMA.1, under the provisions of the **Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF)** established by the Paris Agreement, parties are required to provide regular information through a Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) on, inter alia, their national GHG inventories and information necessary to track progress in implementing and achieving NDCs."}, {"bbox": [101, 1596, 1157, 1640], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁴ Green Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF), Adaptation Fund (AF), Climate Investment Funds (CIF), Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), NAMA Facility."}, {"bbox": [1051, 1666, 1157, 1690], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 6 of 24"}]