[{"bbox": [112, 78, 1145, 210], "category": "Text", "text": "provision of organic materials, generation of conducive microclimate, conservation of biodiversity and carbon sequestration have been increasingly negatively affected. Wood harvesting occurs mainly through large concessions, operated by foreign timber companies, with limited sustainable investments in local economies. Forest value chains are not sufficiently developed for the inclusion of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME), cooperatives or community-based enterprises."}, {"bbox": [112, 223, 359, 249], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Biodiversity and Wildlife"}, {"bbox": [112, 250, 1145, 461], "category": "Text", "text": "Zambia has abundant biodiverse ecosystems and wildlife. Over 30% of Zambia's land is managed in protected areas (PAs).³⁹ Climate change has negatively impacted biodiversity of ecosystems and wildlife. The quality of fodder on which wildlife depends for its survival has decreased, causing habitat change and loss. This has led to migrations, including towards human settlements, which in turn increase human-wildlife conflicts. The Wildlife Act (2015) established the Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW) to improve wildlife governance. The national parks and wildlife policy (2018) promotes biodiversity conservation, with the aim to transform wildlife into an economic asset for national economic development through promotion of nature-based tourism and increased local community participation in wildlife management."}, {"bbox": [112, 474, 188, 497], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Gender"}, {"bbox": [112, 500, 1145, 765], "category": "Text", "text": "Gender inequality is high in Zambia. The 2020 Human Development Index statistical report shows that gender inequality remains a major challenge, Zambia ranking 137 out of 167 countries, highlighting low representation of women in parliament (18%) and other positions of power, low level of education, compared to their male counterparts and a critical level of maternal mortality, as well as adolescent pregnancies⁴⁰. The country has a high incidence of gender based violence with more than one-third (36%) of women aged 15-49 having experienced physical violence at least once since age 15 and 14% having experienced sexual violence⁴¹. According to the 2018 Labour Force Survey, men dominate employment, both in the formal and informal sectors. In the formal sector, men account for 62% and women 38%. In the agriculture sector, this gender gap increases significantly, with women making up less than one fifth (17.7%) of people in formal employment. Women have also less access to financial services than men, figuring at 59% and 64% respectively."}, {"bbox": [112, 778, 250, 805], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Young People"}, {"bbox": [112, 806, 1145, 937], "category": "Text", "text": "Zambia is a country of young people, with 83% of the population under the age of 35. The estimated median age of 17.6 years (2020) is one of the lowest in the region and globally. Youth unemployment rate stands at 19.9% (17.6% for male and 22.7% for female), while the private sector faces challenges to find and recruit skilled workers. The GRZ has put in place a national youth policy, which provides for strategies and programmes for youth participation in the development agenda."}, {"bbox": [112, 950, 287, 973], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Access to Finance"}, {"bbox": [112, 976, 1145, 1267], "category": "Text", "text": "The financial system in Zambia is relatively underdeveloped. The country's commercial banks dominate the financial services industry, which offer low-risk and high-value services to only a limited number of customers⁴². Non-banking financial institutions (NBFIs), such as microfinance institutions (MFIs), are also active, but focus on smaller loans, predominately to micro-businesses and micro, small and medium size enterprises (MSMEs), which are rated as more risky. While these MFIs provide support to rural communities at times, they are often focused on urban and peri-urban areas, creating a supply gap for farmers and less formal agricultural MSMEs. The majority of farmers use informal services, such as informal rotating savings schemes, community organisations or informal credit providers to access financial products.⁴³ Access and usage of digital finance in Zambia has been increasing significantly since 2015, with banks, third-party providers, and telecommunication companies offering digital services. In May 2022, an IT service provider from Poland signed a MoU to make Zambia Post fit for the digital age, including for online banking and financial services."}, {"bbox": [100, 1283, 353, 1313], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2 Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [112, 1327, 888, 1353], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### The Zambian part of the Greater KAZA TFCA – a significant landscape at risk"}, {"bbox": [112, 1354, 1145, 1511], "category": "Text", "text": "The landscape's ecosystems are increasingly coming under pressure, due to resource conflicts, land encroachment, poaching, pollution, overexploitation of resources, deforestation, habitat degradation, climate change and a lack of environmental education. Insufficient investments in the management of national parks and protected areas have significantly contributed to loss of biodiversity and habitats. Weak wildlife management and law enforcement and increased vulnerability in human-wildlife interaction have reduced the economic value of protected areas and natural heritage sites. In this multi-land use and multi-stakeholder landscape, peoples' livelihoods, commercial"}, {"bbox": [100, 1537, 1157, 1582], "category": "Footnote", "text": "³⁹ Zambia has 20 National Parks, 36 Game Management Area (GMAs), 8 Ramsar sites³⁹ and numerous national heritage sites³⁹. Zambia endemic species, some of which are classified as rare, endangered or vulnerable. WWF report (2011)"}, {"bbox": [100, 1581, 777, 1604], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴⁰ Human Development Index report 2020 United Nations Development Programme."}, {"bbox": [100, 1603, 579, 1625], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴¹ Zambia Health and Demographic Survey (ZDHS) 2018."}, {"bbox": [100, 1625, 599, 1646], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴² FSDZ, Financial Inclusion Summary Report Zambia 2018."}, {"bbox": [100, 1646, 1045, 1668], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴³ BoZ, 2019 Credit Market Monitoring Report: Growth of Credit to Households and Implications for Financial Stability."}, {"bbox": [1061, 1670, 1157, 1691], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 8 of 26"}]