[{"bbox": [96, 152, 1176, 207], "category": "Text", "text": "permanent feature, threatening traditional governance and basic survival of Nicaraguan indigenous and afro descendent people and displacing many in the process."}, {"bbox": [96, 232, 1176, 365], "category": "Text", "text": "According to the World Bank (2020), between 2000 and 2017, Nicaraguan GDP growth was, on average, 3.9%, due to the domestic demand increase boosted by remittances and Direct Foreign Investment (DFI). Nevertheless, the violent government crackdown on social protests in April 2018 triggered a political, economic and human rights crisis compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic and the impacts of hurricanes Eta & Iota in late 2020. As a result, Nicaragua's GDP shrank by 8.8% between 2017 and 2020, a decrease of around USD 1 250 million¹⁷."}, {"bbox": [96, 390, 1176, 605], "category": "Text", "text": "Human rights have taken a heavy toll, too, as Nicaragua has descended into authoritarian rule. Civicus Monitor¹⁸ ranks Nicaragua among the 25th 'most closed' countries in the world, out of 197, with widespread infringement of civic rights. The repression of political opponents, activists, journalists, and civil society organisations (CSOs) has been exacerbated. This includes an estimated 177 political prisoners detained and currently going through trials that do not comply with international or national legal guarantees. In 2022 alone, over 350 CSOs have been closed, including non-government organisations (NGOs), universities, think tanks, etc. Long-standing EU implementing partners were forced to move operations out of the country. The authorities have imposed highly burdensome administrative requirements for those still operating in-country, leading to closure upon non-fulfilment."}, {"bbox": [96, 628, 1176, 736], "category": "Text", "text": "Presidential and parliamentary elections were held in November 2021, enabling the National Liberation Sandinista Front's (FSLN in Spanish) to tighten its power grip. The EU and other members of the international community stated that 'the elections have taken place without democratic guarantees and their results lack legitimacy'¹⁹. Municipal elections are scheduled to occur in 2022 but are not expected to adhere to improved standards absent electoral reforms."}, {"bbox": [96, 761, 1176, 974], "category": "Text", "text": "Key parameters on gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment point at important gaps preventing women from fully exercising their rights. The Nicaraguan Gender Profile²⁰ concludes that women are still disadvantaged in most areas, including economic and social rights, participation and leadership, sexual and reproductive rights, and health care. Gaps in terms of income, access to land, use of time, decision-making processes participation, tools, knowledge and other productive resources are even more worrying. Sexual violence is a national health and social challenge for children and girls under 18. Women and girls with disabilities are particularly at risk. In crisis situations and disaster risk, women and girls are 14 times more likely to die than men due to gender gaps and existing inequalities related to their economic and social rights²¹."}, {"bbox": [96, 999, 1176, 1267], "category": "Text", "text": "They also suffer disproportionately from the impacts of climate change, compromising their physical and mental health, food security and livelihoods, access to clean water and sanitation, etc. At the same time, women and girls, including those from afro-descendant, indigenous and disability groups, have a significant potential for engaging in measures aimed at prevention of, preparedness for, response to and recovery from hazards and disasters. They can also play an essential role in developing climate change adaptation measures making them key agents for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change resilience. Persons with disabilities need particular attention as they are at higher risk of disaster due to pre-existing barriers and exclusion, and, most importantly, they have little access to disaster risk information and early warning mechanisms. In this sense, it is crucial to promote girls' and women's participation and leadership to ensure gender-responsive strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and the inclusive and sustainable management of natural resources."}, {"bbox": [96, 1292, 1176, 1399], "category": "Text", "text": "Nicaragua classifies as a low carbon emission country concerning the environment and climate change, with only 0.02% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018. Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) are the primary sources, representing 79%²² of the total domestic emissions. At the same time, Nicaragua is highly susceptible to climate variability and extreme weather events, ranking in the 6th position on the long-term Global Climate Risk"}, {"bbox": [86, 1469, 399, 1491], "category": "Footnote", "text": "17 Nicaragua Central Bank (BCN), 2021."}, {"bbox": [86, 1491, 666, 1513], "category": "Footnote", "text": "18 Retrieved from: Facts - CIVICUS - Tracking conditions for citizen action."}, {"bbox": [86, 1513, 812, 1535], "category": "Footnote", "text": "19 Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union (8 November 2021)."}, {"bbox": [86, 1536, 1141, 1581], "category": "Footnote", "text": "20 The Nicaraguan Gender Profile was prepared by the Nicaragua Technical Assistance (EuropeAid/138618/DH/SER/NI) under the EU Delegation to Nicaragua guidance."}, {"bbox": [86, 1580, 1143, 1624], "category": "Footnote", "text": "21 Retrieved from: UN Development Programme (2013). Gender and disaster risk reduction. Cited by the European Parliament News, Climate change: mitigating the impact on women (5 December 2017)."}, {"bbox": [86, 1623, 586, 1645], "category": "Footnote", "text": "22 Nicaragua's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 2020."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1681, 1144, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 6 of 32"}]