[{"bbox": [96, 151, 1176, 233], "category": "Text", "text": "Index (1998-2017)²³. An analysis conducted using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emissions scenario and downscaling of regional climate models found that 21 municipalities are threatened by hurricanes, 48 by drought, and 33 by floods out of a total of Nicaragua’s 156 municipalities²⁴."}, {"bbox": [96, 257, 574, 472], "category": "Text", "text": "Climate change significantly increases the number and intensity of tropical cyclones, hurricanes, storms or tropical depressions. In 2020, the Miami National Hurricanes Centre (NHC) database registered 31 tropical or sub-tropical cyclones; 30 named storms, 14 hurricanes and 7 major hurricanes, of which two (Eta & Iota) impacted Nicaragua directly."}, {"bbox": [96, 496, 574, 843], "category": "Text", "text": "As a result, more than 3 million people were affected across the country with estimated losses and damages over USD 738 million, equivalent to 6.2% of the country's GDP²⁵. This unprecedented activity was triggered by the climate phenomenon 'La Niña'. All the infrastructure related to the fishing industry on the Caribbean Coast is exposed to tropical cyclones. A total of 1 678 communities, corresponding to a population of 1.6 million, are the most exposed in the country. The fragility of the houses, close location to the river banks, low-lying coastal areas, artisanal fishing practices, and cultural aspects of living practices make these populations highly vulnerable to these events²⁶."}, {"bbox": [96, 867, 1176, 1081], "category": "Text", "text": "Tropical cyclones mainly affect forests (broadleaf, coniferous and palm), wetlands – including mangrove and swamp forests, forest plantations and permanent and annual crops²⁷ with subsequent effects on various ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security. Likewise, hurricanes, drought, floods, and landslides significantly impact forests, forestry activities, and natural ecosystems protecting coastal areas such as mangrove forests. Inevitably, such disasters disrupt the supply of forest products and environmental services, threatening local communities and forest industries' subsistence and livelihoods. They can trigger unprecedented pressure on forests, as survivors and displaced people might tend to resort to over-exploitation of remaining forest resources for food, timber, wood fuel, fodder, and even clearing forest areas for agriculture.²⁸"}, {"bbox": [96, 1106, 1176, 1240], "category": "Text", "text": "There have also been disasters deriving from collateral hydrometeorological events, such as landslides and floods. These have increased mainly due to the sedimentation and subsequent lowering capacity of the river basins, land deterioration, population settlements on unstable and flooding lands and, in general, environmental degradation. Other events of lower impact and greater frequency, such as forest fires, sudden floods, debris flows or urban fires, have produced significant economic losses and occasionally disasters for a community or town²⁹."}, {"bbox": [96, 1265, 1176, 1398], "category": "Text", "text": "In this sense, strengthening resilience has become a national priority by preventing new risks and reducing root causes of vulnerability. These priorities align with the Sendai framework principles, the UN 2030 Agenda and EU and Member States' (MSs) climate change and DRR policies. The action also contributes directly to Gender Action Plan III (GAP III) thematic area of engagement: Addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities offered by the green transition and the digital transformation."}, {"bbox": [595, 270, 1159, 802], "category": "Picture"}, {"bbox": [85, 1446, 1143, 1491], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²³ Retrieved from: https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Indice%20de%20Riesgo%20Climatico%20Global%202019%20-%20Resumen_0.pdf."}, {"bbox": [85, 1491, 1143, 1537], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁴ Nicaragua Technical Assistance (EuropeAid/138618/DH/SER/NI). Report ‘Participatory diagnosis with contributions of disaster risk analysis from Geographic Information Systems’ (GIS, available in Spanish)."}, {"bbox": [85, 1536, 586, 1558], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁵ Nicaragua’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 2020."}, {"bbox": [85, 1558, 326, 1580], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁶ Nicaragua Risk Map (2018)."}, {"bbox": [85, 1579, 209, 1601], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁷ FAO (2020)."}, {"bbox": [85, 1601, 779, 1625], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁸ FAO (2021), The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security. (Report)"}, {"bbox": [85, 1624, 632, 1646], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁹ Comprehensive Risk Management Report. Nicaragua 2013. UNDRR."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1681, 1143, 1705], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 7 of 32"}]