[{"bbox": [97, 152, 1134, 207], "category": "Text", "text": "sites. The conflict became particularly intense in 2013, leading to the loss of an estimated 30 000 lives and the displacement of over 1.8 million people."}, {"bbox": [97, 232, 1134, 419], "category": "Text", "text": "Abduction of school children is one of the means by which the terrorist group attacks, apart from planting suicide bombers in densely populated areas. The group's abduction of 276 Chibok girls from a boarding school in Borno, in 2014 is well-known as it attracted international response. While 200 girls have been released so far, 100 still remain unaccounted for. Abductees are treated differently based on their gender. Boys are mainly indoctrinated in the group's ideologies and recruited to join the Boko Haram fighting force. On the other hand, abducted girls are often subjected to forced marriage and other forms of sexual exploitation including sexual slavery and forced pregnancies. This narrative also applies to women who are victims of Boko Haram¹³."}, {"bbox": [97, 444, 1134, 657], "category": "Text", "text": "In this context, the humanitarian crisis worsened and have led to the mass displacement of civilians both within Nigeria, with over 2.9 million internally displaced people (IDPs), and to neighbouring countries, with some 360000 refugees that had fled to Niger, Chad, and Cameroon. According to the Humanitarian Response Plan for Nigeria (2022), the humanitarian crisis in North-Eastern States of Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe is expected to persist unabated in the long term with an estimated 8.4 million men, women, boys, and girls in acute need of multi-sectoral life-saving assistance across the North-East. Of these, 2.2 million are internally displaced; 1.5 million are returnees who lack essential services and livelihoods; and 3.9 million are members of communities affected by their hosting of internally displaced people."}, {"bbox": [97, 682, 1134, 949], "category": "Text", "text": "Although the crisis and ongoing humanitarian emergency stem from the Boko Haram insurgency, the roots of crisis in North-East Nigeria can be traced much further back. Decades of underdevelopment of the North-East region has gradually eroded capacities to deliver public services, form effective and responsive governance, and prevent and respond to crises. Importantly, it has generated the perception of marginalisation of the region, which is supported by data as some of Nigeria's lowest human development indicators occur in the three North-Eastern States. The conflict itself has enormously exacerbated the pre-insurgency context of under-development and inequality in the North-East. Research points out that while recruitment into Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs) has been a highly personalised process, often influenced by peers or family members, there are common motivating factors such an acute sense of grievance against the government, a lack of trust in the police and security apparatus, unequal access to basic services, and a lack of economic opportunities."}, {"bbox": [97, 974, 1134, 1187], "category": "Text", "text": "Although during the past years the Nigerian armed forces have regained control of all the larger towns, the non-state armed groups continue to be active in large parts of rural Borno, carrying out many small-scale attacks, running courts and levying taxes. The change in Military approach to counterinsurgency in the North-East, the transition of military operations in North-East Nigeria to operation Hadin Kai, territorial control challenges within the insurgent groups and most of all, the death of the Boko Haram leaders, Abubakar Shekau and Abu Musab al-Barnawi in 2021, has led to a mass exits/movements from insecure areas. Since then, over 67 000 individuals, including ex-combatants and their families and others categorized as farmers and hunters by the State government, are in the process of returning to the communities."}, {"bbox": [97, 1212, 1134, 1264], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## CURRENT DDR ENVIRONMENT – OPERATION SAFE CORRIDOR (OPSC) AND THE BORNO MODEL"}, {"bbox": [97, 1291, 1134, 1452], "category": "Text", "text": "The current DDR environment in Nigeria sees two parallel systems (Operation Safe Corridor (OPSC) and the Borno Model) that require coordinated development and evolution, with international expertise and support. With thousands of men, women, and children in either Federal detention or temporary secured camps waiting to be reintegrated, this Action will support important components of both systems ensuring that there is operational alignment, coordination, and complementarity as they are implemented in line with international standards and best practices:"}, {"bbox": [97, 1477, 1134, 1585], "category": "Text", "text": "In 2016 the Nigerian Government established a program called “Operation Safe Corridor” (OPSC), a Presidential initiative that provides off-ramping opportunities for eligible associates through surrender to the security forces. Once their eligibility has been established, adult male former associates are transferred to a “transition centre” in Gombe where they participate in a 6-month de-radicalization and rehabilitation programme. Since women and"}, {"bbox": [86, 1620, 478, 1646], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹³ Gender Country Profile Nigeria (2021-2024)"}, {"bbox": [1038, 1680, 1144, 1705], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 7 of 39"}]