[{"bbox": [96, 152, 1164, 472], "category": "Text", "text": "In 2019, only 48 % of the Ethiopian population had access to electricity, of which only 35 % in rural areas⁴. The main energy sources are wood and other organic waste, and oil (respectively about 86 % and 8 % of the total sources⁵); solar energy is currently exploited for less than 1 %⁶. The lowlands are the less connected areas in Ethiopia; in Somali Region less than 10% of the population is connected to the (unreliable) national electricity grid, and in Afar only 5 % of the population. While the very limited access to electricity negatively impacts the economic development of the resident population, the types of energy sources significantly contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions of the country. Being more affected by poverty and predominant in rural communities, Ethiopian women are amongst the most vulnerable electricity consumers. They are also the ones who are more affected by the lack of reliable and sustainable energy sources: women use biomass as the primary fuel in 90 % of households.⁷ The ten years programmatic plan of Ethiopia, in line with the National Electrification programme (2017) aims to extend electrification services to 100 % of the population by 2030. The strategy recognizes the significant importance of off-grids connections, especially in rural areas."}, {"bbox": [135, 500, 429, 527], "category": "Section-header", "text": "* **Limited livelihood options**"}, {"bbox": [96, 526, 1164, 978], "category": "Text", "text": "Pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities, as the only source of income, heavily rely on animal breeding and grazing activities. There are limited livelihoods and agro-processing options, and even animal products (such as meat, milk, etc) are not processed by those communities. Recent policy reflection in the country, however, acknowledge the need of building resilience in Africa's dry-lands through livelihood diversification and by making the pastoral production system more market oriented and sustainable. Previous projects that included such interventions rarely had considerable effect for the partial understanding of the socio-cultural pastoral system, and low or inappropriate investments on rangeland productivity. The lack of appropriate investments on land degradation mitigation caused increased resource depletion and environmental degradation, as well as an increased cycle of poverty for the pastoralists' communities. As water collection requires time and energy resources, men and women must trade-off sufficient water with employment opportunities, social engagements, and domestic tasks. These barriers can thus result in persistent poverty as household members cannot participate in other income generating activities.⁸\nThis situation is further exacerbated by climate change and long periods of drought and consequent population movements, increasing conflict and tensions among different groups. Lack or limited access to water resources also leads to conflict and tensions among different ethnic and user groups. In Ethiopia, tensions over water and other natural resources among pastoralist and farmers have been increasing in the past years leading to migration and force displacement. The influx of water induced IDPs and migrants in host communities may lead to conflicts over scarce resources and jobs."}, {"bbox": [135, 1005, 438, 1031], "category": "Section-header", "text": "* **Disaster Risk Management**"}, {"bbox": [96, 1031, 1164, 1217], "category": "Text", "text": "Climate change, and its exacerbating impact on existing natural hazards, is a fundamental developmental issue for Ethiopia, and its impact slowdowns the development process of the country. Recurrent drought-induced crisis remains the main driving forces, posing dire threat to the livelihoods of significant number of population in the country. Vulnerabilities to hazards and climate change and the associated impacts are partly due to inadequate and fragmented early warning systems, emergency preparedness and response, i.e. gaps exist between the early warning systems and planning and implementation of timely responses, aimed at mitigating the immediate effects of the hazards, and resilience capacity of the vulnerable communities to the hazards themselves."}, {"bbox": [96, 1243, 1164, 1376], "category": "Text", "text": "During the past ten years, a DRM policy and strategy have been put in place, but gaps persist in their programming and delivery. The Government currently has limited pre-arranged and earmarked financial instruments to provide timely and sufficient financial resources to meet the needs resulting from disasters. Furthermore, a guideline for mainstreaming Disaster Risks into the Development Planning Process and Future Investment Decisions (2017) was prepared, but cross-sectoral DRM coordination and implementation is still poor."}, {"bbox": [96, 1401, 1164, 1429], "category": "Text", "text": "After a decade of investments and implementation of the current policy, Ethiopia as a country is yet to achieve its"}, {"bbox": [85, 1476, 373, 1502], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴ World Bank Energy report, 2019"}, {"bbox": [85, 1500, 308, 1525], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁵ IEA Country report 2021"}, {"bbox": [85, 1525, 246, 1549], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁶ Tiruye et al. 2021"}, {"bbox": [85, 1549, 218, 1573], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁷ Labani (2021)"}, {"bbox": [85, 1573, 1143, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁸ Stoler, J., Brewis, A., Kangmennang, J., Keough, S. B., Pearson, A. L., Rosinger, A. Y., et al. (2021). Connecting the dots between climate change, household water insecurity, and migration. *Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.* 51, 36–41. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2021.02.008"}, {"bbox": [1038, 1681, 1144, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 7 of 27"}]