[{"bbox": [96, 152, 1135, 416], "category": "Text", "text": "and 4) people with disability. The project represents a unique nexus collaboration between INTPA and ECHO in the sense that both the services are funding a programme with development and humanitarian funding to support the establishment of a shock-responsive social transfer system. The project has demonstrated that categorical targeting is a conflict sensitive and cost-efficient way of implementing the Somalia Social Protection Policy. This Team Europe Approach to social protection, supported with additional funding from Sweden and Denmark, has received additional support during 2021/2022 through two new initiatives funded by Denmark and Germany (KfW) that build directly on the SAGAL Project. This offers a great opportunity to gather further evidence and learning on categorical social transfer models. This Action intends to continue the support to the Team Europe Approach to social protection in Somalia and will contribute to the National Social Protection Programme of Somalia."}, {"bbox": [84, 478, 340, 510], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2 Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [96, 524, 1135, 685], "category": "Text", "text": "Somalia faces a plethora of challenges that together contribute to making the country among the poorest and most food insecure in the world. Although the Government and clan militia are reclaiming locations from Al-Shabaab with increased pace, much of Somalia is still controlled by the terrorist group. Consequently, the Federal Government of Somalia has limited influence over many parts of the country. Similarly, humanitarian and development actors struggle to reach some of the areas most in need and face high risks and operational costs due to the limited accessibility."}, {"bbox": [96, 709, 1135, 1136], "category": "Text", "text": "The effects of the state collapse more than 30 years ago are still very visible in Somalia. The Government struggles to deliver basic services, particularly in the areas of Southern and Central Somalia. The growing population lacks access to affordable basic services such as education and healthcare, whereas traditional livelihood opportunities are difficult to maintain due to the effects of climate change. Somalia remains one of the most climate change sensitive countries in the world and the population already struggles to cope with the increasingly frequent and severe natural disasters. Internally displaced persons and returnees are often represent minority clans and ethnic minorities and are seen and treated as outsiders who lack a legitimate claim to be part of urban communities. Therefore, these communities are more likely than host communities to face the threat of eviction and tend to also lack access to basic services and decent jobs and income-generating opportunities. Life for women and girls in Somalia is challenging. Somalia ranks fourth lowest for gender equality globally, maternal and infant mortality rates are some of the highest in the world, and early marriage is prevalent. The Somalia Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) shows that Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in women aged 15–49 is high, at 99.2%, which has both short-term and long-term physiological, sexual and psychological repercussions. Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is one of the most prevalent human rights violations faced by people, particularly women, all around the globe.⁸ Women generally lack negotiating power to control the number of children they would like to bear, face difficulties in access job opportunities and have limited access to education and training."}, {"bbox": [96, 1160, 1135, 1321], "category": "Text", "text": "Climate change, environmental degradation and increased competition for scarce water and other natural resources, are major drivers of fragility, displacement, extreme poverty, and food insecurity. In 2022, 7.1 million people were affected by food insecurity due to prolonged drought, arising from climate emergency. Climate change impacts including rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, recurrent floods and droughts, and other extreme weather events that are increasing in frequency and severity. The climate change impacts, along with unsustainable water and land use practices, are exacerbating pressures on already scarce arable land and water resources."}, {"bbox": [96, 1345, 744, 1372], "category": "Text", "text": "The main vulnerabilities related to environmental and climate risk are:"}, {"bbox": [135, 1375, 1135, 1455], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Environmental degradation arising from over-harvesting or over-exploitation of the natural capital, often leads to diminished resources, leading to competition, conflict, loss of livelihoods, displacement, and poverty;"}, {"bbox": [135, 1456, 1135, 1483], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Climate change is a risk multiplier, exacerbating existing shocks, resulting in loss of lives and livelihoods;"}, {"bbox": [135, 1484, 1135, 1538], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Environmental degradation and climate shocks are directly associated with the recurrence and intensification of droughts and floods that have resulted in irreversible losses and damages to communities;"}, {"bbox": [135, 1539, 1135, 1593], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Displacement, insecurity, and increasing urbanisation are attributable to environmental degradation and climate change;"}, {"bbox": [84, 1620, 896, 1646], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁸ UN Women: https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/somalia"}, {"bbox": [1038, 1680, 1143, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 6 of 25"}]