[{"bbox": [171, 153, 1133, 208], "category": "Text", "text": "world. Only 6 % of Yemenis hold bank accounts (2 % for women). Women and youth lack financial resources, capacities, outreach and institutional support to establish or scale up entrepreneurial activities."}, {"bbox": [135, 232, 1133, 390], "category": "List-item", "text": "- **Capacity gaps within the private sector:** The Yemeni private sector suffers from significant management gaps in strategic planning, business development, sustainable funding, networking, international linkages, and visibility. Lack of banking infrastructure (less than 5% banking infiltration) and difficulty in securing credit have been among the main factors hindering the strengthening of the private sector in Yemen. Businesses also face challenges due to weak infrastructure, import tariffs, foreign exchange fluctuations, trade bottlenecks, double taxation across areas, and lack of skilled workforce."}, {"bbox": [135, 418, 1133, 630], "category": "List-item", "text": "- **Weak digital inclusion and lack of green transition.** The key challenges to digital inclusion are the lack of infrastructure, digital culture and digital literacy. These challenges are intertwined with social issues like poverty, conflict, gender inequality, forced migration and lack of access to basic services. An agenda on transition towards a green economy is lacking due to the need to sustain the immediate needs of the population, while Yemen ranks 171 out of 182 countries in the ND-GAIN index (2020) for climate vulnerability and low readiness score. Yemen considerably lags behind in climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well as in policies and investment for the preservation of the environment, water resources, energy saving, and promoting clean infrastructure, circular economy and sustainable farming."}, {"bbox": [97, 657, 1029, 685], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## Identification of main stakeholders and corresponding institutional and/or organisational issues"}, {"bbox": [97, 685, 745, 711], "category": "Text", "text": "(mandates, potential roles, and capacities) to be covered by the Action:"}, {"bbox": [97, 737, 1133, 947], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Yemeni economic institutions** (e.g. Central Bank, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Presidential Leadership Council's Economic Team, Prime Minister's office Executive Bureau, Central Statistical Organisation, Tax authority, Customs Authority, Chamber of Commerce, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Electricity and Energy, Ministry of Oil and Minerals, Ministry of Fisheries, Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology etc.). The relocation of institutions from Sana'a to the temporary capital of Aden without securing the necessary information systems, human and financial resources has severely affected the capacities of the economic institutions to ensure public governance and conduct policy reforms."}, {"bbox": [97, 949, 1133, 1055], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs).** They are the main employer in the country, creating opportunities for thousands of people entering the labour force every year. Yet, MSMEs face numerous challenges in terms of limited know how in strategic planning, and business development, difficulties in accessing finance, sustainable funding, domestic and international linkages as well as lack of support for green entrepreneurship."}, {"bbox": [97, 1055, 1133, 1108], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Yemeni Non Governmental Organisations** supporting business development and promotion, and providing business development services to businesses and entrepreneurs."}, {"bbox": [97, 1108, 1133, 1188], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Women's associations.** The ongoing conflict has created a new window for women's involvement in the labour market. Supporting women's empowerment at this crucial time could lead to progressive social change and their structural inclusion into the country's economy."}, {"bbox": [97, 1188, 1133, 1268], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Commercial banks.** The weakening of Yemen's commercial and Islamic banks has had wide-ranging consequences: black market activity, exchange rate destabilization, and increased difficulty for traders to finance imports."}, {"bbox": [97, 1268, 1133, 1347], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Capacity building organisations.** Existing non-profit Non-Governmental organisations, such as the Yemen Loan Guarantee Programme and Yemen Microfinance Network, founded by the Yemeni Social Fund for Development (SFD) could empower microfinance banks and entrepreneurs to act as agents of economic recovery."}, {"bbox": [97, 1347, 1133, 1401], "category": "Text", "text": "- **Business associations.** Business associations in Yemen are generally weak, and very few MSMEs are members of organizations that could advocate their interest or provide them with needed services."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1143, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 7 of 24"}]