[{"bbox": [96, 179, 1136, 499], "category": "Text", "text": "Vietnam has diversified its economy, which was previously based mainly on the primary sector (mainly farming), towards the secondary and tertiary sectors. However, to maintain its high growth and industrialisation rates, Vietnam relied on a low-cost labour model that is also socially, environmentally and energetically unsustainable. The economic boom in recent decades has not yet translated into adequate skills and competencies in technology, research, innovation, digitalisation required for current and future jobs. A relevant and high-quality TVET system is key to provide people, and especially youth, with the knowledge and professional skills for decent employment, increase productivity, produce demand-oriented quality goods, products and services, and maintain the country's very ambitious economic growth objectives. These ambitious economic growth objectives will be underpinned by high energy demand growth, which itself needs to be fully aligned with Vietnam's net zero emission goals and other relevant commitments undertaken in the context of the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)². The JETP Political Declaration also highlights the need to create a \"centre of excellence for renewable energy in Viet Nam\" and emphasises the need for skills development."}, {"bbox": [96, 523, 1136, 681], "category": "Text", "text": "In parallel, human development is equally increasingly affected by climate change and the country's economic transformation will depend on better management of natural and human resources. Vietnam needs to invest in infrastructure and human capital, as well as strengthen its governance and ensure participation of non-state actors to tackle rising inequalities. This transition may pose a risk to many of its development ambitions, such as to become a high-income country by 2045, achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 and fulfil a just and clean energy transition."}, {"bbox": [96, 682, 1136, 949], "category": "Text", "text": "The TVET sector in Vietnam consists of a network of 1,905 institutions (408 colleges, 449 post-secondary schools, and 1,058 VET centers), 85,000 teachers and trainers (65% in public institutions, 70% male), 2.3 million learners per year (2.2 million graduates, 25,5% women)³. There are 52 organisations that recognise and grant National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS). Further, about 8,900 (1.2% of total enterprises) public, private and FDI enterprises are engaged in vocational skills training programmes leading students to a qualification and 250,000 (33%) providing training, retraining and skills upgrading to own workers. The TVET ecosystem is tiered and education offered ranges from basic, intermediate to advanced, the latter corresponding to European TVET standards. According to the 2018 Report on Vocational Education, 14.4 per cent of enrolled students were at college, 10.3 per cent were at intermediate level; and the elementary level and other levels of vocational training accounted for 75.3 per cent, showing that enrollment is still concentrated at the elementary level."}, {"bbox": [96, 974, 1136, 1188], "category": "Text", "text": "To date, other central ministries like the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) manage 41% of public TVET institutions at the college level and 11% at the intermediate level. Local governments and organisations like the Vietnam General Confederation of Labour (VGCL), are responsible for the remaining 48% at intermediate level and of 95% of the public TVET institutes that provide training at elementary level and below (ADB, 2020).⁴ Organisations such as the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI), the General Confederation of Labour (VGCL), SME and sector-based associations, the Women's Union and Youth Union are the main TVET stakeholders involved in the governance of a TVET system that is somewhat unstructured and not fully formalised."}, {"bbox": [96, 1212, 1136, 1370], "category": "Text", "text": "The TVET system in Vietnam is complex and its governance still partially fragmented. The Directorate of Vocational Education and Training (DVET) of the Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) acts as the single central \"state management\" agency for TVET governance (Resolution No. 76/2016/NQ-CP-2016), supported by the Department of Employment on labour market information and career guidance. The TVET law of 2014 provided the legal basis for improved management functions of DVET and the full autonomy of public TVET institutions."}, {"bbox": [96, 1398, 1136, 1506], "category": "Text", "text": "The policy framework for the long-term development of TVET is defined and guided by the Labour Code 2019; the Law on Employment 2013; the Law on Vocational Education 2014; and strategies and programmes, namely the main being the Vietnam's Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the 2021-2030 issued in 2021; the Strategy for development of vocational education during the 2021-2030 period with vision to 2045 issued in 2021;"}, {"bbox": [85, 1548, 1006, 1574], "category": "Footnote", "text": "² Joint Political Declaration on establishing the Just Energy Transition Partnership with Viet Nam, 15.12.2022."}, {"bbox": [85, 1573, 589, 1598], "category": "Footnote", "text": "³ Skilling Up Vietnam Scheme – MOLISA, December 2021."}, {"bbox": [85, 1598, 1142, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴ Asian Development Bank (2020), Viet Nam Technical and Vocational Education and Training Sector Assessment (Retrieved from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/551001/viet-nam-tvet-sector-assessment.pdf)"}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1144, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 5 of 28"}]