[{"bbox": [98, 155, 1134, 391], "category": "List-item", "text": "* The participation of women in the TVET sector is too low. 25.5% of trainees are women, with a record-low of 5% in technical occupations, such as those related to automotive technology, building and construction or welding. Rural women have the lowest rates of vocational training, compared with both rural men and urban women and men. Training is mostly concentrated in the 'feminised' fields of garment making, footwear, electronic assembling, tourism, services, and seafood processing in agricultural production¹¹. These gaps are mostly due to the enduring gender biased norms and stereotypes, including discriminatory perceptions among students and parents that technical occupations are not suitable for women. Other identified barriers for the equal participation of women in TVET include sexual harassment and low numbers of female trainers to serve as role models and mentors¹²."}, {"bbox": [98, 395, 1134, 554], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Further, disabled people are also offered very few opportunities to participate in regular vocational training due to infrastructural, financial and social barriers. (Only about 4.4 per cent of women with disabilities receive vocational training, compared to around 12 per cent of men with disabilities)¹³. This unequal access to TVET contributes to limited opportunities for marginalised groups on the labour market requiring stronger inclusive policies which promote diversity and gender equality. Digitalisation, including assistive technologies for disabled people, enhances the capacity to engage marginalised groups."}, {"bbox": [98, 556, 1134, 635], "category": "List-item", "text": "* The minority ethnic young people has far less access to vocational training than the Kinh (Vietnamese ethnic) counterparts (5% versus 21%). Lack of training opportunities, lower literacy levels are amongst the main barriers for minority ethnic youth access to vocational training¹⁴."}, {"bbox": [98, 636, 1134, 902], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Workers with the intention to migrate¹⁵ have limited access to TVET opportunities. TVET institutions are not prepared to provide on a large scale, incentives such as quotas or subsidies and services like targeted technical and vocational training in occupations in demand in countries of destination, pre-departure training including intercultural and language training, informing migrants about their rights, and training in basic and core work skills including IT skills, which are also relevant for internal, regional labour markets. Decent jobs for migrant workers can be further supported by TVET programmes leading to occupations based on international standards and recognition of foreign professional qualifications for an ordered and safe labour migration to other countries, including EU MS. TVET can play a crucial role in offering up-skilling and re-skilling short-term, modular programmes leading to an elementary level formal certificate for workers migrating from regions affected by climate changes to others with high labour demand, to improve their employment outlook."}, {"bbox": [96, 933, 1082, 986], "category": "Text", "text": "Identification of main stakeholders and corresponding institutional and/or organisational issues (mandates, potential roles, and capacities) to be covered by the action:"}, {"bbox": [96, 1012, 1134, 1119], "category": "Text", "text": "**The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA)** is mandated with policy implementation in the fields of vocational training, employment, occupational safety, and gender equality. MOLISA is involved in the preparation and submission of all draft legislation linked to the Vietnamese Law on Vocational Education and Training (TVET Law), Employment Law, Labour Code to the National Assembly and/or the Prime Minister."}, {"bbox": [96, 1119, 1134, 1303], "category": "Text", "text": "**The General Directorate of Vocational Training (DVET)**, is the main government contact point and partner for this Action. It is a subordinate agency under MOLISA, and is mandated on leading TVET reform and formulating and implementing the TVET public. DVET has limited financial resources to foster an enabling environment that facilitates development of a skilled workforce at the pace demanded by the enterprises within the Industrial Revolution 4.0, and the green and digital transition of the economy. DVET has strong influence in creating an enabling environment for governance, permeability, PPPs, inclusive, gender-responsive, transformative, green, digital and just TVET system."}, {"bbox": [96, 1304, 1134, 1357], "category": "Text", "text": "**Other governmental agencies:** Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) is responsible for the governance of general/academic education and higher education in Vietnam including Vietnam Qualification Framework."}, {"bbox": [86, 1391, 1143, 1463], "category": "Footnote", "text": "11 ADB 2020. ADB Briefs: Enhancing Gender Responsiveness of Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Viet Nam. Retrieved from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/561246/adb-brief-126-gender-responsiveness-tvet-viet-nam.pdf"}, {"bbox": [86, 1464, 152, 1484], "category": "Footnote", "text": "12 Ibid."}, {"bbox": [86, 1487, 581, 1510], "category": "Footnote", "text": "13 GSO. 2019. National Survey on People with Disabilities"}, {"bbox": [86, 1511, 829, 1535], "category": "Footnote", "text": "14 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/59724/tvet-viet-nam-assessment.pdf"}, {"bbox": [86, 1535, 1143, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "15 According to the Department of Overseas Labour (DOLAB), of MOLISA, more than 142,000 workers had migrated (34.2% women) in 2022 to Japan (more than 67,000), Taiwan (58,600) and the Republic of Korea (10,000). MOLISA estimates that in 2023, 110,000 workers will migrate. According to the World Bank and IMF, Viet Nam is the third top receiver of remittances in the Asia-Pacific, with inflows at USD$18.1 billion in 2021 (4.9% of GDP). Source: TRIANGLE in ASEAN Programme (ILO-Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Global Affairs Canada), Quarterly Briefing Note, July - December 2022."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1143, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 9 of 28"}]