[{"bbox": [96, 152, 1134, 283], "category": "Text", "text": "Gateway deliverables in the climate and energy as well as transport investment priority areas, including regional corridors. Private sector investment and blended finance is an integral part of the partnership. The Action will synergise with the EU's regional programmes on energy, as well as with biodiversity programmes such as NaturAfrica and with Regional Circular Economy programme in Eastern & Southern Africa, and the relevant EFSD+ windows."}, {"bbox": [85, 326, 340, 358], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2 Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [96, 373, 1136, 1037], "category": "Text", "text": "**Access to affordable and reliable energy is a key factor for Kenya's socio-economic development, and has also direct bearing on Kenya's NDC's.** Power supply reliability is a major issue. Electricity transmission and distribution systems frequently suffer from outages and substantial technical losses, leading to severe challenges for SME's and industry, and a dependence on fossil energy. Wood for fuel and the other biomass account for 68% of overall primary energy usage in Kenya⁴, often in an unsustainable way. Therefore, sufficient generation capacities based on a balanced energy mix, energy efficiency measures to accompany the deployment of clean energy generation, as well as improved flexibility and reliability of the electricity system are needed. It is estimated that the system losses in the Kenyan grid are at approximately 25% (13% technical and 12% Commercial). In 2020, the energy distribution company KPLC lost correspondingly an estimated EUR 130 million. The development of the energy sector requires investments in additional power generation and transmission capacity. However, high levels of public debt and limited public finance options at the international capital market create a hurdle. The problem cannot be solved by the market alone: due to perceived high country and offtake risks, availability of private capital is limited and comes at high cost. As a result, creating additional power generation capacities by the private sector exclusively would lead to insufficient power supply at non-affordable tariffs. In the field of power transmission, there is no existing market mechanism or compensation system for private companies. In the electricity sector, significant programs are underway, supported by the EU and other TEI members, addressing, among the others, structured interventions for strengthening and modernizing the transmission network including construction of a national control centre and improving the last-mile connectivity. TEI partners are also financing various technical assistances and in particular EIB, through the EGRE programme, will provide technical assistance to the Government of Kenya to enhance the performance of the electricity sector. The present action complements and increases the impact of these ongoing programs with the key objective of adding new renewable energy capacities, as well improving the stability and efficiency of the electric grid. By achieving these results, the intervention aims, in the medium to long term, improve the access to sustainable energy, promote decent work and economic growth, develop industry, innovation and infrastructure and combat climate change."}, {"bbox": [96, 1060, 1136, 1460], "category": "Text", "text": "**Inadequate watershed management in the Rift Valley region has destroyed properties and infrastructure, displaced communities, changed lake ecologies and subsequently affected terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity.** The consequences are soil erosion and sedimentation of water bodies across Kenya: over the years, the rising water levels in Lake Baringo claimed 140 km2 of riparian land; in 2021 rising water levels affected approximately 3 000 households. Around lake Bogoria, the rising of the lake resulted in several settlements, schools, homes, shopping centres, wildlife centres being submerged and destroyed. The decade-long flooding of Kenya's lakes has caused significant displacement of inhabitants in affected areas. According to a report of an inter-ministerial and stakeholder taskforce, the rising water level phenomenon is due to: i) climate change leading to increased rainfall variability and distribution; ii) land use and land cover changes at landscape and farm scales resulting in soil erosion and sedimentation; iii) poor landscape management by local communities and/or smallholders; iv) lack of government support to sustainable climate resilient innovations; and v) ongoing plate tectonics and crustal movements. Above normal short rains have resulted in change in catchment of rainfall. Increased rainfall vis-à-vis ongoing deforestation and degradation of watersheds result in increased surface flows and sediments into the lakes. From the different watershed areas, Lake Baringo watershed was the most affected. Baringo is among the arid and semi-arid counties of Kenya and is severely degraded."}, {"bbox": [96, 1485, 1136, 1567], "category": "Text", "text": "**Implementation of Kenya's NDC is cross-sectoral and coordinated by the Climate Change Directorate (CCD) of the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change & Forestry.** CCD is established via the Climate Change Act 2016 and coordinates operational response on climate change across different levels in government"}, {"bbox": [85, 1619, 589, 1645], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁴ sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266605202100008X"}, {"bbox": [1037, 1681, 1143, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 7 of 26"}]