[{"bbox": [96, 153, 1135, 261], "category": "Text", "text": "unattractive, due to little or no technological advancement and innovations and low wages, especially in remote rural areas. Only 5% of TVET students are enrolled in agriculture and forest sector programmes in 2022-23. As a result, employers face not only difficulties in filling vacancies in the agriculture and forestry sectors but also in finding employees with skills that meet their needs and requirements."}, {"bbox": [96, 270, 1135, 432], "category": "Text", "text": "The consulted TVET stakeholders identify the following challenges preventing effective skills development for employment and self-employment in successful value chains in agriculture and forestry sectors: (1) multi-level governance and multi-stakeholder involvement in TVET; (2) access of students and workers to demand driven quality TVET; (3) current rules and practices of managing and financing TVET institutes and; (4) low attractiveness of TVET, in particular agriculture and forest programmes are not perceived as a viable career and educational path."}, {"bbox": [96, 442, 1135, 498], "category": "Text", "text": "The specific problem is thus the mismatch in quality and numbers of the demands of the labour market and the skills and numbers of the TVET graduates."}, {"bbox": [96, 507, 1135, 776], "category": "Text", "text": "With regard to those challenges, the proposed Action will enhance relevance and quality of TVET in human resource development in agriculture and forestry sectors through: (1) strengthening inter-sectorial coordination towards development and implementation of policies and regulations; (2) reinforcing private-public partnership in skills surveys and forecasting, occupational standard and assessment development, internship and apprenticeship (dual training); (3) delivery of flexible long and short term competency-based training supplied with necessary resources and training environment in a gender responsive and inclusive way; (4) green and digital transformation in curricula and programmes introducing new technologies; (5) integration of entrepreneurial skills for self-employment in forestry and agriculture value chains; (6) outreach and awareness raising about career opportunities and the role of TVET in forestry and agriculture sectors, and promote general understanding of youth and the public on environmental preservation and protection."}, {"bbox": [96, 785, 261, 813], "category": "Section-header", "text": "**Climate change:**"}, {"bbox": [96, 824, 1135, 960], "category": "Text", "text": "Climate change poses significant challenges for Mongolia¹⁵, particularly in the agricultural and forestry sectors. As a landlocked country with a predominantly arid and semi-arid climate, Mongolia is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including increased temperatures, prolonged droughts, and more frequent extreme weather events. These changes have far-reaching consequences for the country's agricultural and forestry systems, which are vital for the livelihoods of many Mongolians."}, {"bbox": [96, 969, 1135, 1157], "category": "Text", "text": "Mongolia has already experienced significant climate changes, with warming of over 2°C and declines in rainfall reported between 1940 and 2015. These changes have led to chronic drought, and increased exposure to secondary impacts such as dust storms. Mongolia is facing rates of warming higher than the global average. On the highest future emissions pathway (RCP8.5) average warming could exceed 5°C by the end of the century. Warming in maximum and minimum daily temperatures is expected to be faster than the average rate, potentially amplifying the stress exerted on human health, livelihoods, and ecosystems. The intensity of extreme climate-driven hazards including heat wave, drought, and river flood, is expected to increase."}, {"bbox": [96, 1182, 1135, 1290], "category": "Text", "text": "As a result of the above combined factors, Mongolia's unique ecosystems are likely to come under pressure from long-term warming and drying processes, with shifts in species ranges likely, and potential loss of forest cover and associated species. In addition changes in climatic conditions are projected to place further downward pressure on yields of current agricultural crops, particularly wheat, threatening Mongolia's food security."}, {"bbox": [96, 1300, 1135, 1462], "category": "Text", "text": "Facing these challenges, Mongolia has submitted its assessment and proposed policies on adaptation and mitigation in its National Communication(s) to UNFCCC¹⁶. Adaptation policies to climate change in certain degree has been reflected in legislative, policy and strategic documents such as National Action Program on Climate Change (NAPCC), Mongolian National Security Concept, 2010, Mongolia's Sustainable Development Vision 2030 adopted by parliament in 2016, Green development policies of Mongolia adopted by parliament in 2014 and its action plan for 2016 implementation."}, {"bbox": [96, 1471, 1135, 1524], "category": "Text", "text": "Mongolia's objectives in adaptation and mitigation are further elaborated in Mongolia's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCC¹⁷."}, {"bbox": [86, 1572, 943, 1599], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁵https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/709901/climate-risk-country-profile-mongolia.pdf"}, {"bbox": [86, 1597, 1047, 1623], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁶ https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/06593841_Mongolia-NC3-2-Mongolia%20TNC%202018%20pr.pdf"}, {"bbox": [86, 1621, 1033, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁷ https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/First%20Submission%20of%20Mongolia%27s%20NDC.pdf"}, {"bbox": [1027, 1681, 1145, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 10 of 33"}]