[{"bbox": [82, 147, 1156, 756], "category": "Table", "text": "<table><tr><td></td><td>authorities in Bougainville</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Planning, processes and systems</td><td>Rural communities rejecting the WASH service delivery</td><td>Low</td><td>Low</td><td>Ensuring that communities in the target district will be selected based on prior consultation and consent; that meaningful participation is ensured and that water disputes are addressed, as well as land ownership issues</td></tr><tr><td>The External environment</td><td>COVID-19 presents a risk of delaying implementation timelines including preventing local travel.</td><td>Medium</td><td>Medium</td><td>Increased adoption of hygiene practices including basic hand-washing and practicing the “Nuipela Pasin” COVID-19 measures in communities is likely to cause reductions in COVID-19 infections. Additionally, by mid 2021, travelling between Bougainville and mainland PNG resumed. Appropriate COVID-19 restrictions and measures are in place with most restrictions already relaxed.</td></tr></table>"}, {"bbox": [92, 758, 253, 782], "category": "Section-header", "text": "Lessons Learnt:"}, {"bbox": [92, 802, 1146, 859], "category": "Text", "text": "A review of past interventions supported by the EU and more specifically EDF 9 programmes⁷ and the current EDF 11 rural WASH programme⁸ has demonstrated the following:"}, {"bbox": [92, 876, 1146, 930], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Local ‘champions’ (from communities, institutions and (local) government) are essential to drive and sustain change."}, {"bbox": [92, 930, 1146, 983], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Involvement of local human and material resources to increase ownership including training of communities’ members for basic O&M of the wash facilities and inclusion of a gender responsive approach."}, {"bbox": [92, 983, 1146, 1036], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Capacity building of rural communities takes time and there is a need for follow up post-construction to ensure smooth operations and maintenance for sustainability purpose."}, {"bbox": [92, 1036, 1146, 1168], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Governance, ownership and institutional frameworks have to be clarified prior to implementation of new projects, and have to be integrated with bottom-up and participatory approaches. The integrated approach of water supply, improved sanitation and awareness / training on hygiene and hand- washing practices resulted in improved health and wellbeing of communities, in particular for women and children and a decrease in local conflicts on water and land issues (as applicable)."}, {"bbox": [92, 1168, 1146, 1221], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Institutional capacity building should be more than the transfer of knowledge and skills only. Institutions also need to build capacity in the sense of making available the necessary human and financial resources."}, {"bbox": [92, 1221, 1146, 1274], "category": "List-item", "text": "* Potential sources of conflict in relation to water management need to be solved through appropriate peaceful community-owned conflict resolution mechanisms"}, {"bbox": [85, 1575, 1142, 1621], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁷ Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme 1 and 2 (FED/2005/017-767, FED/2007/019-284) and the District Towns Water Supply Programme (FED/2006/018-524)"}, {"bbox": [85, 1621, 851, 1645], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁸ Support to the PNG National WASH Policy 2015-2030 Part 1 Programme (2016/038-956)"}, {"bbox": [1026, 1681, 1142, 1705], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 10 of 20"}]