[{"bbox": [86, 155, 323, 185], "category": "Section-header", "text": "2 RATIONALE"}, {"bbox": [82, 222, 230, 246], "category": "Section-header", "text": "2.1 Context"}, {"bbox": [97, 273, 1133, 353], "category": "Text", "text": "In Angola, fast population growth and increased economic activities have resulted in an exponential increase of the volumes of waste, principally in urban areas, which has challenged the waste governance structure. This is particularly evident in the province of Luanda, where approximately one third of Angola's population lives."}, {"bbox": [97, 358, 1133, 598], "category": "Text", "text": "It is estimated that per day, the Luanda province produces approximately 6 500 tons of solid waste, of which only 4 000 tons (around 61%) is deposited in the only authorised landfill site in the province, located in Mulenvos (in the Municipality of Viana). Whereas a small proportion (about 5%) is deviated for recycling purposes, the remaining around 34% (close to 2 200 tons/day) is illegally dumped in improper sites (essentially in hotspots located in semi-infrastructured and non-infrastructured areas⁹) leading to contamination, health threats, environmental pollution and other waste-related hazards, flooding and ocean plastic pollution, as well as hindering economic growth. As consumption and economic activities increase, improper solid waste management will pose a growing problem for the province of Luanda, in terms of management expenses as well as social and environmental impacts."}, {"bbox": [97, 604, 1133, 1001], "category": "Text", "text": "Angola has progressively been trying to promote circular economy schemes to reduce waste as well as diversify the economy, increase production with secondary materials (thereby reducing carbon footprints) and formal employment. In this context, the National Strategic Plan for Urban Waste Management (Plano Estratégico para a Gestão de Resíduos Urbanos em Angola - PESGRU), approved in 2012, identifies a set of strategic options aiming at boosting public and private waste collection and recycling services. The National Waste Agency (NWA) was established in 2014 with the mandate of regulating the waste sector and supporting, coordinating, monitoring, evaluating the implementation of the PESGRU, and it is accountable for executing the waste management policies and the development of cross-sector initiatives. The Luanda Provincial Urban Cleaning Plan (Plano Provincial de Limpeza Urbana de Luanda - PPLUL) was approved in 2016, together with the adoption of a payment scheme based on cleaned areas instead of the waste weight based payment system, which contributed to allow for a saving of about 63% of the solid waste management budget. Despite all these actions and additional measures approved more recently¹⁰, the achievement of the PESGRU's objectives remains limited and progress towards more virtuous cycles of solid waste management is mitigated. Indeed, an assessment conducted in 2022 assessed that, so far, only 3 out of the 42 PESGRU goals (i.e., 7%) were considered as \"fully achieved\", whereas 14 goals (i.e., 33%) were \"partly achieved\" and 24 goals (i.e., 57%) were \"not achieved\"."}, {"bbox": [97, 1007, 1133, 1193], "category": "Text", "text": "The solid waste management model developed in the PPLUL is essentially based on big operators which are facing challenges to efficiently operate the collection of waste, especially the non-valuable waste, in semi-infrastructured and not-infrastructured areas. In April 2022, municipal administrations were given the responsibility for developing, in line with the PPLUL, their economic models for sanitation services, including contracting and paying operators with their own budgets. There is a need to strengthen local administrative and fiscal systems, build human capacity and strengthen the role of civil society to accompany the gradual process of administrative de-concentration and transfer of resources management to sub-national governments."}, {"bbox": [97, 1199, 1133, 1418], "category": "Text", "text": "The annual budget estimate for the municipal programmes, including waste management, is essentially based on historical expenditures. It remains highly dependent on the allocation of financial resources from the central government budget through an arbitration process by the provincial government. The municipal resources allocation does not necessarily adequately reflect a bottom-up programme based on budgeting and needs assessment. When the availability of funds reduces at the central level (e.g., due to volatility of oil prices and failing delegation of budget to local authorities) repercussions at the provincial and municipal level can be severe. Despite the prospects for an increase in the recycling of waste, currently estimated at around 5% of the total waste, the amount of recycled materials is still marginal compared to the total amount of waste produced in the province"}, {"bbox": [86, 1469, 1143, 1533], "category": "Footnote", "text": "⁹ Semi-infrastructured and non-infrastructured areas refer to areas with no access to large trucks or even smaller motorised vehicles. Some local actors have to perform primary collection activities, i.e. collect waste and transport it to transfer points in areas accessible by collection trucks."}, {"bbox": [86, 1535, 1143, 1623], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁰ The National Strategy 2020-2050 for Environmental Education was approved in 2022. A strategy on the formalisation and valorisation of solid waste was also drafted. Early in 2023, President Lourenço designed a working group to draft the \"National Plan to Ban Plastics\" to address environmental degradation issues and regulate the production and the use of non-biodegradable products. Currently it is estimated that a total of 12.4 million plastic bags are distributed free of charge every day in Angola."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1143, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 5 of 26"}]