[{"bbox": [97, 153, 1134, 287], "category": "Text", "text": "an informal and vulnerable way. Most of the waste-pickers sell the material they collect to aggregators, who act as intermediates and sell the material to the industry. Most of these aggregators also act informally, entirely or alongside a formal business. Their action is not adequately integrated nor coordinated within the formal waste management system, which hinders the formalisation of the value chain and is a challenge to develop job security and long-term circular business models, beyond \"low-hanging\" opportunities."}, {"bbox": [97, 292, 1134, 399], "category": "Text", "text": "Moreover, the majority of the population of the province is not well integrated in the waste management system, partly because it does not pay waste-related fees and partly because there is not much waste-related awareness. This is also a key challenge to develop new circular business models, which would demand involvement of the community to secure proper streams of recyclable wastes."}, {"bbox": [97, 404, 1134, 588], "category": "Text", "text": "Another significant barrier preventing the circular economy ecosystem from growing is the lack of replicable business models that involve all types of players (e.g. brand owners, petrochemical companies and plastics manufacturers, as well as specialised recyclers). There is also a lack of a single value stream where roles and inputs are clearly defined. The coordination of the various market actors is not adequately concerted into a functional recycling supply chain that boosts volumes of recycled products to the levels that have been demonstrated by some of the emerging markets, integrates community-based collection and sorting and coordinates investment in infrastructure."}, {"bbox": [97, 596, 1134, 647], "category": "Text", "text": "The operations of the public and private actors are not necessarily optimised for holistic circular economy models, but are focused on short-term individual benefits."}, {"bbox": [97, 662, 1134, 717], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Identification of main stakeholders and corresponding institutional and/or organisational issues (mandates, potential roles, and capacities) to be covered by the Action:"}, {"bbox": [97, 722, 1134, 987], "category": "Text", "text": "The key duty bearer (government stakeholder) is the Ministry of Environment (Ministério do Ambiente - MINAMB), including the National Waste Agency (NWA) soon to be merged into a National Environment Agency (NEA). The MINAMB has the mission to formulate, conduct, execute and control the executive's policy regarding the environment in a perspective of protection, preservation and conservation of environmental quality, pollution control, areas of conservation and enhancement of the natural heritage, as well as the preservation and rational use of natural resources. The MINAMB includes a National Directorate for the Environment, a National Directorate for Environmental Education, a National Directorate for Climate Action and a National Directorate for Environmental Technologies. The MINAMB, as an \"Accounting Unit\" (linked to the Single Treasury Account), is responsible for the submission of its annual budget proposal to the Ministry of Finance for arbitration and approval."}, {"bbox": [97, 993, 1134, 1100], "category": "Text", "text": "The NWA was established in 2014 with the mandate of regulating the waste sector and supporting, coordinating, monitoring as well as evaluating the implementation of the PESGRU. It is accountable for executing the waste management policies and the development of cross-sector initiatives. The NWA is also an \"accounting unit\" under the tutelage of the MINAMB and depends on the internal redistribution of the overall ministerial budget."}, {"bbox": [97, 1105, 1134, 1212], "category": "Text", "text": "Other relevant Ministries are the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Economy and Planning, the Ministry of Industry and Trade (overseeing among other institutions the National Institute for Quality Control), the Ministry of Education (overseeing environmental education) and the Ministry of Social Action, Family and Promotion of Women (overseeing gender and social inclusion initiatives)."}, {"bbox": [97, 1218, 1134, 1352], "category": "Text", "text": "Other duty bearers (stakeholders) are the provincial and the municipal governments of the Luanda province. Each municipality is an \"accounting unit\" and as such shall prepare a detailed annual budget proposal but is not involved in any direct arbitration with the Ministry of Finance. It is the provincial government that redistributes part of its overall annual budget (agreed with the Ministry of Finance) to each municipality, including the budget allocation for solid waste management."}, {"bbox": [97, 1357, 1134, 1570], "category": "Text", "text": "The National Institute of Support for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Instituto Nacional de Apoio as Micro, Pequenas e Médias Empresas - INAPEM) is the public institution responsible for the development of MSMEs. The Angolan Risk Capital Fund (Fundo Activo de Capital de Risco Angolano - FACRA) operates as a business promoter for MSMEs and entrepreneurs by building, innovating and expanding their businesses to deliver sustainable financial returns in order to contribute to the socio-economic development of Angola. INAPEM, FACRA and other similar organisations will be key partners for the setup of associations and cooperatives and therefore contribute to the formalisation of the informal workers in line with the Informal Economy Reconversion Programme (Programa de Reconversão da Economia Informal - PREI)¹³."}, {"bbox": [85, 1601, 1144, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹³ Launched by the government in 2020, the PREI is a multi-sectorial programme supported by the EU through two budget support operations, respectively 2020-22 and 2023-25."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1144, 1707], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 8 of 26"}]