[{"bbox": [97, 136, 1133, 190], "category": "Text", "text": "Plan (NLUDMP 2020-2050), while also complementing the National Urbanisation Policy (2015), National Housing Policy (2015), and National Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading Strategy (2017)."}, {"bbox": [97, 218, 1133, 351], "category": "Text", "text": "The Rwandan government has set itself the goal of developing decent human settlements, assuming that population growth is accompanied by a growing demand for housing. Housing is seen as an instrument for establishing a national spatial framework for human settlements, to guide the location, hierarchy and service levels of human settlements in the country. This strategy is closely associated with densification and the development of housing finance, both of which are likely to occur in secondary/satellite cities."}, {"bbox": [86, 378, 340, 409], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2 Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [97, 425, 1120, 531], "category": "Text", "text": "The main problems identified by the Government of Rwanda for the satellite cities (and secondary cities) is how to regenerate settlements in order to be attractive and dynamic centres offering fair living conditions, generating both off farm jobs and providing affordable housing, while strengthening social and environmental linkages to favour the emergence of climate-proof secondary cities."}, {"bbox": [97, 560, 1120, 720], "category": "Text", "text": "Rwamagana and Nyamata are like other towns, experiencing rapid growth as a result of the urbanisation process underway in the country. Both towns have a population of about 200,000 each (extrapolated from the 2022 national census) but given their proximity to Kigali and the large-scale investments being made in the two, the population is expected to rise exponentially over the next decade. This rise will not only expose both cities to frequent and severe climate and environmental shocks/stress but it could also exacerbate poverty and social vulnerability."}, {"bbox": [97, 748, 1120, 908], "category": "Text", "text": "Rapid urban growth, largely driven by rural-urban migration, is creating a significant demand for land in the two cities. Impediments to accessing available land include slow and inconsistent planning regulations and approval procedures, as well as weak land administration and management processes, leading to lengthy land registration procedures. In spite of the recently published, National Land Use and Development Master Plan (2020), there are also problems related to land use conflicts and disputes, particularly between the formal and informal sectors, which consequently affect the ability to plan and implement development projects for the local authority."}, {"bbox": [97, 936, 1120, 1203], "category": "Text", "text": "In addition to the land issue, Nyamata and Rwamagana, like other urbanised areas in Rwanda, face significant housing challenges, including a lack of affordable housing and decent housing options for low-income residents. The majority (>70%) of the inhabitants of these two cities and their surroundings live in substandard housing, unplanned and un-serviced settlements. The high cost of construction in the current market is one of the main causes of this shortage, partly due to the cost of imported construction materials, such as cement, but also due to the lack of development of the local construction materials industry. Housing finance is also expensive, with mortgage interest rates in the country at around 17 %, which is considered the highest in the region. The housing supply deficit is further exacerbated by existing legal instruments, housing policy and related financial policies, which are not sufficiently streamlined to enable the private sector to play an effective role. All these aspects are responsible for the proliferation of informal settlements."}, {"bbox": [97, 1231, 1120, 1285], "category": "Text", "text": "Those informal settlements show major gender issues which have to be understood in order to create urban settlements and/or regional corridors that leave no one behind. Those are²:"}, {"bbox": [97, 1313, 770, 1341], "category": "List-item", "text": "i) Reduced convenience of space prevents a healthy and active lifestyle,"}, {"bbox": [97, 1352, 1120, 1406], "category": "List-item", "text": "ii) Women's land tenure rights are restricted (esp. those with disabilities, female-headed households, elderly women and indigenous women),"}, {"bbox": [97, 1418, 1120, 1497], "category": "List-item", "text": "iii) Inadequate public health infrastructure places health burden on women and girls (sufficient water, sanitation and hygiene [WASH] infrastructure is essential for meeting specific needs related to menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth),"}, {"bbox": [86, 1549, 1134, 1647], "category": "Footnote", "text": "² JICA (2023). Reference Material for Gender Mainstreaming in the Urban and Regional Development Sector. Office for Gender Equality and Poverty Reduction Governance and Peacebuilding Department. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Accessed through https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/english/our_work/thematic_issues/gender/c8h0vm0000f3jmj6-att/gender_mainstreaming_09.pdf"}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1143, 1706], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 5 of 28"}]