[{"bbox": [118, 153, 1113, 367], "category": "Text", "text": "are insufficient or not in line with the demand of the labour market in the territories; likewise, insufficient or no previous work experience, weak soft or transversal skills. (ii) *Environmental*: referring to the geographical conditions and characteristics of the territories that limit access to employment options, as these are regions with low supply and limited business development; likewise, these are environments affected by conflict and lack of opportunities. (iii) *Organisational*: those that arise with companies or employers related to the lack of information regarding the characteristics of former members of armed groups. Also, barriers associated with discrimination, mistrust, or stigmatisation, and prejudices and beliefs about the conditions and abilities that former members of armed groups must perform in a job. (ARN, EIL)¹⁸."}, {"bbox": [118, 377, 1113, 539], "category": "Text", "text": "These barriers are particularly pronounced in people with disabilities and especially in women, who face a marked disparity in the economic autonomy of their homes, most of them dedicated to care work without adequate remuneration, which affects their productive and purchasing capacity. The reproduction of gender roles, the lack of formal contracts and the economic dependence on support associated with reintegration are additional concerns, which is why the need to guarantee dignified and sustainable conditions for the labour inclusion of women is highlighted, especially those who are head of their households¹⁹."}, {"bbox": [118, 548, 1113, 789], "category": "Text", "text": "According to the National Inclusive Employment Report – INEI (2022-2023), the situation of the labour market in Colombia implies significant challenges for vulnerable populations, including ex-combatants, as they face significant barriers in their training trajectories for employment, formal education, and job placement processes. This drastically affects “the reduction of poverty, equity of opportunities, increased business productivity, and hence, social mobility”²⁰. Likewise, the report points out the gaps in employment particularly for women in Colombia, whose unemployment rate in 2023 was 12.8% and their employment rate was 45.9% while that of men was 70.4%²¹. The responsible inclusion of former combatants and women formerly part of armed groups in formal economic circuits translates into a substantial improvement in the quality of life of people and a lower risk of recidivism."}, {"bbox": [118, 799, 1113, 1014], "category": "Text", "text": "**There is weak articulation and coordination among the actors and entities involved in the implementation of peacebuilding policies.** Although the Agency for Reincorporation and Normalisation (ARN) has been responsible for managing, coordinating, and evaluating policies for inclusion in civilian life in recent history, it is not the only entity responsible for implementing reinsertion, reintegration, reincorporation, or submission to justice programmes for former members of organised armed groups. In this regard, the involvement, complementarity, and coordination by national and territorial entities to make effective policies, plans, and programmes aimed at the social, economic, political, and community reintegration of former combatants from different armed groups have not been insufficient."}, {"bbox": [118, 1023, 1113, 1133], "category": "Text", "text": "It is also noticeable that the instances created in peace agreements or negotiations to make decisions about the implementation of programmes and plans lack coordination, and planning capacities that allow them to adequately manage according to their competencies. Consequently, there is an institutional challenge to ensure the effective functioning and consolidation of these instances from the perspective of peacebuilding."}, {"bbox": [118, 1142, 1113, 1304], "category": "Text", "text": "Although in 2023, the establishment of the National Reintegration System (SNR) was approved as a mechanism for national and territorial inter institutional coordination and articulation to implement plans, programmes, and projects that promote the Reintegration Policy, the decree formalising its creation is still under review. Likewise, its scope of action is limited to reintegration issues, but it does not include competencies for the coordinated care of former members of other armed groups in the process of joining civilian life, making it a limited system."}, {"bbox": [118, 1314, 1113, 1369], "category": "Text", "text": "On the other hand, for ongoing peace negotiation processes, coordination instances for the implementation and care of former members of armed groups linked to the Total Peace Policy are not yet defined."}, {"bbox": [118, 1379, 1113, 1435], "category": "Text", "text": "The proper implementation of the processes of inclusion in civilian life for former members of armed groups and their families demands that the different sectors (public, private, third sector, and international"}, {"bbox": [110, 1468, 1072, 1494], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁸ Agency for Reincorporation and Normalisation (ARN) Model for Employability and Labour Inclusion, 11/2023."}, {"bbox": [110, 1493, 1122, 1567], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁹ Technical balance on progress, challenges and challenges for the implementation and mainstreaming of the gender equality approach in the reintegration process of women and LGBTI persons, CNR Technical Gender Table, November 2022, p.32"}, {"bbox": [110, 1566, 1043, 1591], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²⁰ National Inclusive Employment Report 2022-2023, INEI, Alliance for Labour Inclusion, February 2024, p.9."}, {"bbox": [110, 1590, 1060, 1615], "category": "Footnote", "text": "²¹ National Inclusive Employment Report 2022-2023, INEI, Alliance for Labour Inclusion, February 2024, p.159"}, {"bbox": [1003, 1655, 1122, 1682], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 8 of 24"}]