[{"bbox": [97, 153, 1166, 207], "category": "Text", "text": "sustainable development. Sea level rise also poses a major threat to coastal populations, where 50% of Angolans reside. Angola ranks 144th in the climate vulnerability index¹²."}, {"bbox": [97, 211, 1166, 426], "category": "Text", "text": "National Parks, established since the colonial era and covering about 13% of the national territory, have suffered greatly from wars, mismanagement, and abandonment, leading to significant biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Over the past two decades, factors such as illegal extraction, deforestation, inappropriate agro-pastoral practices, over-hunting, spread of invasive species, rapid population growth, poor governance, and climate change have compounded these issues, impacting local communities and locking vulnerable rural populations into unsustainable land-use practices. Biodiversity loss affects different groups disproportionately and has severe intergenerational impacts. Indigenous communities, women, children, youth, ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities are disproportionately affected, facing increased human-wildlife conflicts."}, {"bbox": [97, 430, 1166, 538], "category": "Text", "text": "Angola faces the challenge of rehabilitating biodiversity in its National Parks and Conservation Areas, providing resources sustainably for a growing population, and adapting to climate change. The government is working to restore National Parks and Conservation Areas through integrated valuation, infrastructure renovation, sustainable land management, resettlement and restocking of animals, inclusive training, and sustainable community involvement."}, {"bbox": [97, 543, 1166, 650], "category": "Text", "text": "Angola's Constitution stipulates that the State adopts the necessary measures for the protection of the environment and species of flora and fauna, the maintenance of ecological balance, the exploitation and rational use of all natural resources, within the framework of sustainable development and respect for the rights of future generations and the preservation of different species."}, {"bbox": [97, 655, 1166, 895], "category": "Text", "text": "The 2010 National Policy for Forestry, Wildlife and Conservation Areas foresees the protection and conservation of native forests. The 2019-2025 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan propose a vision that Angolan biodiversity should be valued, converted, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services and a healthy and unpolluted environment as well as sharing essential benefits for all people. Angola signed the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in 2022. The GBF aims to catalyse, enable, and galvanise urgent and transformative action to halt and reverse biodiversity loss. Target 3 aims at conserving 30% of its terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas by 2030 through ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. It also includes targets to halt species extinction and reduce extinction risk, scale up conservation efforts, and increase financial resources for biodiversity."}, {"bbox": [97, 900, 1166, 1085], "category": "Text", "text": "The 2020-2035 National Strategy for Climate Change (Estratégia Nacional para as Alterações Climáticas de Angola - ENAC) defines the country's vision for climate change as follows: \"Angola adapted to the impacts of climate change with a low carbon development pathway that contributes to the eradication of poverty\". Angola is a party to the Paris Agreement and submitted an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The NDC considers forests, ecosystems and biodiversity as a priority sector for adaptation. It notably proposes to improve the management of existing conservation areas and continue the process of creating new ones. Women empowerment and gender equality are intrinsic to this¹³."}, {"bbox": [97, 1091, 1166, 1226], "category": "Text", "text": "In addition, Angola aims to diversify its economy also through ecotourism, as highlighted by the President at the 2019 World Tourism Forum. This aim is supported by the National Tourism Development Plan (Plano Nacional de Fomento ao Turismo - PLANATUR) for 2024-2027. This plan, valued at USD 300 000 000, will ensure the training and qualification of staff for the provision of services and improve the legal and regulatory framework, aiming to promote tourism in the country."}, {"bbox": [97, 1231, 1166, 1338], "category": "Text", "text": "Angola's long term development strategy (\"Angola 2050\") aims to reverse the decline of biodiversity ecosystems and species of flora and fauna, as a provider of economic benefits as a result of better utilisation of natural resources in conservation areas. In the light of a foreseeable scarcity of public resources in the near future, Angola 2050 suggests to actively involve private sector agents, structured by regulatory institutions, and to legislate towards this transition."}, {"bbox": [82, 1358, 336, 1388], "category": "Section-header", "text": "## 2.2 Problem Analysis"}, {"bbox": [97, 1410, 441, 1435], "category": "Section-header", "text": "### Governance and Law Enforcement"}, {"bbox": [97, 1441, 1166, 1523], "category": "Text", "text": "Recent assessments highlight significant weaknesses in Angola's protected areas' system¹⁴ due to lack of human, financial and technical resources at the National Institute of Biodiversity and Conservation (Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e Conservação - INBC). The INBC operates under the Ministry of Environment and has been actively"}, {"bbox": [86, 1559, 615, 1581], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹² https://climatepromise.undp.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/angola"}, {"bbox": [86, 1580, 1142, 1623], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹³ By enhancing gender equality, visibility is given to women's roles in managing environments and actively engages them in conservation efforts."}, {"bbox": [86, 1623, 906, 1646], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁴ Huntley et al., 2019; Russo et al., 2022; Ministério do Ambiente, 2023; Vaz Pinto et al., 2023; Russo, 2024."}, {"bbox": [1038, 1682, 1143, 1707], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 5 of 26"}]