[{"bbox": [82, 103, 1121, 582], "category": "Text", "text": "**Gender gaps** are still large in access to quality jobs and in entrepreneurship. Women's access to financial products is one of the lowest in the world. In addition, women continue being under-represented in politics, regardless of the existing 30 percent quota for candidates' lists, and in firms' management. There are also important differences between men and women regarding the **use of time and the unequal distribution of household and caring tasks** -looking after children, elderly relatives or persons with disabilities. On average Peruvian women spend 24 more hours per week on unpaid tasks than men do, and men devote 21 more hours to paid work activities per week than women, which points to a strong gender divide. Women are less likely to work for pay, and to do so full-time. Peru is among the countries in LAC where female labour force participation rates are highest. However, even when they work for pay, Peruvian women tend to be employed in lower level jobs than men. Women are also overrepresented in the huge informal sector, which creates a barrier that prevents them from moving into more productive, remunerative and quality jobs. This disproportionate representation of women in low-paid, not decision making and informal work partially explains the existing large gender wage gaps. In the labour sector women often suffer from **discrimination and harassment**, both in public institutions and private companies. In parallel, unemployment rates have been substantially higher among women than men, and women are disproportionately represented among the ni-nis (those who are neither working nor studying) which appears to be related to gender roles and time use patterns. The recent COVID pandemic, now under control, deepened gender gaps due to the additional hours represented by the burden of household work, attention to the educational process of children, loss of jobs, and the increase in cases of domestic violence (INEI, 2021)."}, {"bbox": [82, 606, 1121, 900], "category": "Text", "text": "Gender inequality is also reflected in the growing phenomenon and severity of **gender-based violence**. Gender violence is one of the most pressing problems facing the country. In 2022, the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations (MIMP) registered 154,202 cases of victims of violence attended to at Women's Emergency Centers, 133,436 of these cases being women. In 2020, the number of girls under 10 years of age forced to become mothers tripled and in November 2021, 423 maternal deaths were recorded. **Violence against women (VAW)** is the most widespread form of violence in Peru. VAW occurs across regions, income levels, education levels, and age groups though national data hide very relevant rural-to-urban and ethnic differences, and greater occurrence among the socio-economically disadvantaged. The consequences are far-reaching, including physical and psychological wounds or even death, as well as broad social and economic costs: estimates of **lost productivity range as high as 3.7 percent of GDP**¹⁰. Violence often becomes a barrier preventing women and girls from fully participating in social, economic, political and cultural life."}, {"bbox": [82, 925, 1121, 1220], "category": "Text", "text": "Likewise, according to the latest report from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES 2023), 54.3% of women, between 15 and 49 years old, have been victims of violence by their husband or partner at some point of their lives. This means that 1 in every 2 women, in that age range, has been a victim of violence in the country. To this we must add the high percentage of **social and cultural tolerance towards gender-based violence in the country**, which reaches 59% according to the National Survey on Social Relations (ENARES). **Femicide**¹¹ is a concerning matter in Peru, it increased by 12.2% in 2023, adding 165 cases compared to the 147 reported in 2022; and so far in 2024, the country faces a growing wave of gender violence, with 43 women victims of feminicide so far¹². However, the available data in this regard are not reliable and may not offer an accurate picture about the real incidence of this phenomenon. Meanwhile, between January and November 2023, the specialized services of the MIMP registered more than 16,000 cases of girls, boys and adolescents who were victims of sexual violence, and more than 6,000 girls and adolescents who had suffered rape¹³."}, {"bbox": [82, 1248, 1121, 1302], "category": "Text", "text": "**Traditional social norms** regarding the role of women vis-à-vis that of men and society are persistent and may even have strengthened in recent years due to the rebirth of political and religious conservatism in Peru¹⁴. The"}, {"bbox": [72, 1345, 1099, 1396], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁰ https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2021/04/13/combating-gender-based-violence-in-peru-increasing-awareness-and-resources-to-prevent-violence-against-women"}, {"bbox": [72, 1395, 1130, 1444], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹¹ Femicide is generally understood to involve the intentional murder of women because of their sex, and most usually by their current or former partners."}, {"bbox": [72, 1443, 1130, 1491], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹² https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/04/17/alerta-por-feminicidios-en-peru-una-mujer-fue-asesinada-cada-dia-en-lo-que-valdel-mes-de-abril/"}, {"bbox": [72, 1490, 835, 1515], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹³ https://peru.unfpa.org/es/news/d%C3%ADa-nacional-contra-la-violencia-sexual-infantil"}, {"bbox": [72, 1514, 1130, 1639], "category": "Footnote", "text": "¹⁴ Traditional attitudes, according to which women are considered subordinate or are assigned stereotypical roles, perpetuate the spread of practices that involve violence or coercion, such as violence and abuse in the family, forced marriages, murder for presenting, insufficient stitches, acid attacks and female circumcision. These prejudices and practices can justify violence against women as a form of protection or domination. The effect of said violence on their physical and mental integrity is to deprive them of the effective enjoyment, exercise and even knowledge of their human rights and fundamental freedoms."}, {"bbox": [1019, 1665, 1130, 1691], "category": "Page-footer", "text": "Page 7 of 24"}]