# shortest paths definitions single source algorithms –bellman ford –dag shortest path algorithm...

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• Slide 1
• Shortest Paths Definitions Single Source Algorithms Bellman Ford DAG shortest path algorithm Dijkstra All Pairs Algorithms Using Single Source Algorithms Matrix multiplication Floyd-Warshall Both of above use adjacency matrix representation and dynamic programming Johnsons algorithm Uses adjacency list representation
• Slide 2
• Single Source Definition Input Weighted, connected directed graph G=(V,E) Weight (length) function w on each edge e in E Source node s in V Task Compute a shortest path from s to all nodes in V
• Slide 3
• All Pairs Definition Input Weighted, connected directed graph G=(V,E) Weight (length) function w on each edge e in E We will typically assume w is represented as a matrix Task Compute a shortest path from all nodes in V to all nodes in V
• Slide 4
• Comments If edges are not weighted, then BFS works for single source problem Optimal substructure A shortest path between s and t contains other shortest paths within it No known algorithm is better at finding a shortest path from s to a specific destination node t in G than finding the shortest path from s to all nodes in V
• Slide 5
• Negative weight edges Negative weight edges can be allowed as long as there are no negative weight cycles If there are negative weight cycles, then there cannot be a shortest path from s to any node t (why?) If we disallow negative weight cycles, then there always is a shortest path that contains no cycles
• Slide 6
• Relaxation technique For each vertex v, we maintain an upper bound d[v] on the length of shortest path from s to v d[v] initialized to infinity Relaxing an edge (u,v) Can we shorten the path to v by going through u? If d[v] > d[u] + w(u,v), d[v] = d[u] + w(u,v) This can be done in O(1) time
• Slide 7
• Bellman-Ford Algorithm Bellman-Ford (G, w, s) Initialize-Single- Source(G,s) for (i=1 to V-1) for each edge (u,v) in E relax(u,v); for each edge (u,v) in E if d[v] > d[u] + w(u,v) return NEGATIVE WEIGHT CYCLE 3 5 7 -5 3 2 1 s 3 5 -5 3 2 1 s G1G1 G2G2
• Slide 8
• Running Time for (i=1 to V-1) for each edge (u,v) in E relax(u,v); The above takes (V-1)O(E) = O(VE) time for each edge (u,v) in E if d[v] > d[u] + w(u,v) return NEGATIVE WEIGHT CYCLE The above takes O(E) time
• Slide 9
• Proof of Correctness Theorem: If there is a shortest path from s to any node v, then d[v] will have this weight at end of Bellman-Ford algorithm Theorem restated: Define links[v] to be the minimum number of edges on a shortest path from s to v After i iterations of the Bellman-Ford for loop, nodes v with links[v] i will have their d[v] value set correctly Prove this by induction on links[v] Base case: links[v] = 0 which means v is s d[s] is initialized to 0 which is correct unless there is a negative weight cycle from s to s in which case there is no shortest path from s to s. Induction hypothesis: After k iterations for k 0, d[v] must be correct if links[v] k Inductive step: Show after k+1 iterations, d[v] must be correct if links[v] k+1 If links[v] k, then by IH, d[v] is correctly set after kth iteration If links[v] = k+1, let p = (e 1, e 2, , e k+1 ) = (v 0, v 1, v 2, , v k+1 ) be a shortest path from s to v s = v 0, v = v k+1, e i = (v i-1, v i ) In order for links[v] = k+1, then links[v k ] = k. By the inductive hypothesis, d[v k ] will be correctly set after the kth iteration. During the k+1st iteration, we relax all edges including edge e k+1 = (v k,v) Thus, at end of the k+1 st iteration, d[v] will be correct
• Slide 10
• Negative weight cycle for each edge (u,v) in E if d[v] > d[u] + w(u,v) return NEGATIVE WEIGHT CYCLE If no neg weight cycle, d[v] d[u] + w(u,v) for all (u,v) If there is a negative weight cycle C, for some edge (u,v) on C, it must be the case that d[v] > d[u] + w(u,v). Suppose this is not true for some neg. weight cycle C sum these (d[v] d[u] + w(u,v)) all the way around C We end up with v in C d[v] ( u in C d[u]) + weight(C) This is impossible unless weight(C) = 0 But weight(C) is negative, so this cannot happen Thus for some (u,v) on C, d[v] > d[u] + w(u,v)
• Slide 11
• DAG shortest path algorithm DAG-SP (G, w, s) Initialize-Single- Source(G,s) Topologically sort vertices in G for each vertex u, taken in sorted order for each edge (u,v) in E relax(u,v); 3 5 -4 3 8 1 s 5 4
• Slide 12
• Running time Improvement O(V+E) for the topological sorting We only do 1 relaxation for each edge: O(E) time for each vertex u, taken in sorted order for each edge (u,v) in E relax(u,v); Overall running time: O(V+E)
• Slide 13
• Proof of Correctness If there is a shortest path from s to any node v, then d[v] will have this weight at end Let p = (e 1, e 2, , e k ) = (v 1, v 2, v 3, , v k+1 ) be a shortest path from s to v s = v 1, v = v k+1, e i = (v i, v i+1 ) Since we sort edges in topological order, we will process node v i (and edge e i ) before processing later edges in the path.
• Slide 14
• Dijkstras Algorithm Dijkstra (G, w, s) /* Assumption: all edge weights non-negative */ Initialize-Single- Source(G,s) Completed = {}; ToBeCompleted = V; While ToBeCompleted is not empty u =EXTRACT- MIN(ToBeCompleted); Completed += {u}; for each edge (u,v) relax(u,v); 15 5 7 4 3 2 1 s
• Slide 15
• Running Time Analysis While ToBeCompleted is not empty u =EXTRACT-MIN(ToBeCompleted); Completed += {u}; for each edge (u,v) relax(u,v); Each edge relaxed at most once: O(E) Need to decrease-key potentially once per edge Need to extract-min once per node The nodes d[v] is then complete
• Slide 16
• Running Time Analysis contd Priority Queue operations O(E) decrease key operations O(V) extract-min operations Three implementations of priority queues Array: O(V 2 ) time decrease-key is O(1) and extract-min is O(V) Binary heap: O(E log V) time assuming E V decrease-key and extract-min are O(log V) Fibonacci heap: O(V log V + E) time decrease-key is O(1) amortized and extract-min is O(log V)
• Slide 17
• Compare Dijkstras algorithm to Prims algorithm for MST Dijsktra Priority Queue operations O(E) decrease key operations O(V) extract-min operations Prim Priority Queue operations O(E) decrease-key operations O(V) extract-min operations Is this a coincidence or is there something more here?
• Slide 18
• Proof of Correctness Assume that Dijkstras algorithm fails to compute length of all shortest paths from s Let v be the first node whose shortest path length is computed incorrectly Let S be the set of nodes whose shortest paths were computed correctly by Dijkstra prior to adding v to the processed set of nodes. Dijkstras algorithm has used the shortest path from s to v using only nodes in S when it added v to S. The shortest path to v must include one node not in S Let u be the first such node. suv Only nodes in S
• Slide 19
• Proof of Correctness The length of the shortest path to u must be at least that of the length of the path computed to v. Why? The length of the path from u to v must be < 0. Why? No path can have negative length since all edge weights are non-negative, and thus we have a contradiction. suv Only nodes in S
• Slide 20
• Computing paths (not just distance) Maintain for each node v a predecessor node p(v) p(v) is initialized to be null Whenever an edge (u,v) is relaxed such that d(v) improves, then p(v) can be set to be u Paths can be generated from this data structure
• Slide 21
• All pairs algorithms using single source algorithms Call a single source algorithm from each vertex s in V O(V X) where X is the running time of the given algorithm Dijkstra linear array: O(V 3 ) Dijkstra binary heap: O(VE log V) Dijkstra Fibonacci heap: O(V 2 log V + VE) Bellman-Ford: O(V 2 E) (negative weight edges)
• Slide 22
• Two adjacency matrix based algorithms Matrix-multiplication based algorithm Let L m (i,j) denote the length of the shortest path from node i to node j using at most m edges What is our desired result in terms of L m (i,j)? What is a recurrence relation for L m (i,j)? Floyd-Warshall algorithm Let L k (i,j) denote the length of the shortest path from node i to node j using only nodes within {1, , k} as internal nodes. What is our desired result in terms of L k (i,j)? What is a recurrence relation for L k (i,j)?
• Slide 23
• Conceptual pictures ij Shortest path using at most 2m edges Shortest path using at most m edges k Try all possible nodes k k ij Shortest path using nodes 1 through k Shortest path using nodes 1 through k-1 OR
• Slide 24
• Running Times Matrix-multiplication based algorithm O(V 3 log V) log V executions of matrix-matrix multiplication Not quite matrix-matrix multiplication but same running time Floyd-Warshall algorithm O(V 3 ) V iterations of an O(V 2 ) update loop The constant is very small, so this is a fast O(V 3 )
• Slide 25
• Johnsons Algorithm Key ideas Reweight edge weights to eliminate negative weight edges AND preserve shortest paths Use Bellman-Ford and Dijkstras algorithms as subroutines Running time: O(V 2 log V + VE) Better than earlier algorithms for sparse graphs
• Slide 26
• Reweighting Original edge weight is w(u,v) New edge weight: w(u,v) = w(u,v) + h(u) h(v) h(v) is a function mapping vertices to real numbers Key observation: Let p be any path fro

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