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## Example 10A: When the

Example 10A: When the price of Good Y increases from \$40 to \$60, the quantity demanded of Good X increases from 38 units to 42 units. The cross elasticity of demand for Goods X and Y is computed as: 42 – 38 4 (42 + 38)/2 40 .1000 E C = ————— = ––– = –––––– = .25 60– 40 20 .4000 (60 + 40)/2 50 Since cross elasticity of demand for Goods X and Y is a positive number, Goods X and Y are substitutes for each other. Example 10B: When the price of Good B increases from \$300 to \$340, the quantity demanded of Good A decreases from 162 units to 158 units. The cross elasticity of demand for Goods A and B is computed as: 158 – 162 -4 (158 + 162)/2 160 -.0250 E C = —––———— = ––– = –––––– = -.20 340– 300 40 .1250 (340 + 300)/2 320 Since cross elasticity of demand for Goods A and B is a negative number, Goods A and B are complements for each other. Example 10C: When the price of Good D decreases from \$12 to \$8, the quantity demanded of Good C remains unchanged at 45 units. The cross elasticity of demand for Goods C and D is computed as: 45 – 45 0 (45 + 45)/2 45 .0000 E C = ————— = ––– = –––––– = 0.00 8 – 12 -4 -.4000 (8 + 12)/2 10 Since cross elasticity of demand for Goods C and D is zero, Goods C and D are unrelated to each other. Price Elasticity of Supply (E S ) The law of supply indicates that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. Price elasticity of supply measures the relative sizes of the changes in quantity supplied and price. The formula for price elasticity of supply is: E S = Percentage Change in Quantity Supplied ÷ Percentage Change in Price In computing price elasticity of supply, the percentage changes are calculated in the same manner used in computing price elasticity of demand. Thus, the formula below: Change in Quantity Supplied Q 2 – Q 1 Average Quantity Supplied (Q 2 + Q 1 )/2 E S = ————————————— = ————— Changein Price P 2 – P 1 Average Price (P 2 + P 1 )/2 FOR REVIEW ONLY - NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 17 - 7 Elasticity

Example 11: When the price of Good Z increases from \$27 to \$33, the quantity supplied of Good Z increases from 2100 units to 2300 units. The price elasticity of supply for Good Z is computed as: 2300– 2100 200 (2300 + 2100)/2 2200 .091 E S = ———–—––––– = ––––– = ––––– = .46 33 – 27 6 .200 (33 + 27)/2 30 The biggest factor affecting price elasticity of supply is time. The more time producers have to respond to a price change for a good, the more elastic the supply for the good. Example 12: If the price of crude oil increases by 75%, the quantity supplied monthly from the state of Texas would increase by a small amount in the first month after the price increase. New oil wells cannot be drilled in one month. If the price remains high for a year, the quantity supplied each month would increase much more. The Burden of a Tax and Price Elasticity The burden of a tax refers to who actually feels the impact of a tax. Whether a tax is imposed on (collected from) the sellers of a good or is imposed on (collected from) the buyers of a good, the burden of the tax will probably fall on both the sellers and the buyers of the good. The burden of a tax depends on the price elasticity of demand and supply. Buyers bear a greater burden if supply is more elastic than demand. Sellers bear a greater burden if demand is more elastic than supply. The burden of the tax is the same whether the tax is collected from the buyers or from the sellers. Example 13A: On the graph below, the demand and supply curves are similar in elasticity. The initial equilibrium price and quantity are \$8 and 50 units. Then a tax of \$6 per unit is imposed on the sellers. This shifts the supply curve vertically upward by the amount of the tax. After the tax, the new equilibrium is at a price of \$11 and a quantity of 40 units. Thus, the buyers bear half the burden of the tax (paying \$3 more than before the tax was imposed) and the sellers bear half the burden (receiving \$3 less after-tax). Price \$14- 12- 11- 10- 8- 6- 4- 2- Tax S 2 S 1 D 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 FOR REVIEW ONLY - NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Quantity Elasticity 17 - 8

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PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS JEFF HOLT S

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Principles of Economics, 6th Editio

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16. Study Guide for Chapter 7 17. C

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11. Appendix: Book Review - “The

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20. Appendix: The NCAA Cartel 21. S

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Introduction: A Brief History of U.

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In the twentieth century, per capit

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Appendix: The 35 Largest National E

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Multiple Choice: ___ 1. The Jamesto

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2. Describe the economic cost of th

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Chapter 1 Scarcity and Choices The

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Example 5B: At the end of 1982, the

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Example 11: When Cindy quits her jo

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consequences may result in failure

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An upward sloping curve (as in Exam

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In making decisions, humans tend to

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5. ______________________ _________

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___ 13. If the value of one variabl

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Y Point X Y A 0 1 B 3 3 C 6 5 D 9 7

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Chapter 2 Trade and Economic System

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Example 4B: The following quantitie

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1. An increase in the quantity of r

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3. For whom to produce? This is det

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The graph below illustrates the shi

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The two primary economic systems ar

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___ 12. The capitalist vision sees

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___ 25. According to the book “Ca

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Chapter 3 Demand, Supply, and Equil

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. For inferior goods, income and de

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The same information can be placed

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Not only does a free market elimina

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\$7 - 6 - 5 - S 3 S1 S 2 Price 4 - 3

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Example 17: The graph below illustr

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Questions for Chapter 3 Fill-in-the

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___ 12. Assuming a market originall

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\$8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Price 4 - 3 - 2 -

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Chapter 4 Inflation and Unemploymen

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Computing the Rate of Inflation The

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Full Employment Though unemployment

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3. Cyclical unemployment - due to d

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During the Great Depression, the ec

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Appendix: Think Like an Economist -

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Answer questions 8. and 9. based on

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___ 25. The extension of unemployme

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Chapter 5 Measuring Total Output: G

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5. Leisure. Leisure time is by defi

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The U.S. is a high per capita GDP c

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Example 17: In “An International

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The simple circular flow diagram be

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___ 3. Which of the following would

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2. Explain what nonproduction trans

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Chapter 6 The Aggregate Market The

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Example 2C: Assume the same facts a

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Example 5B: The price of crude oil

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Appendix: Why the Aggregate Demand

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___ 3. DEF Company can invest in ne

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2. List and explain the two factors

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Chapter 7 Classical Economic Theory

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Notice that the investment demand c

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Long-Run Equilibrium If Real GDP is

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Example 6B: When the economy is in

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Laissez-faire If the economy is sel

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___ 5. According to Say’s Law: a.

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3. On the graph below, draw an aggr

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Chapter 8 Keynesian Economic Theory

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Example 2B: The graph below illustr

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Example 5: Assume that the table be

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Notice on the graph on the previous

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According to Keynesian theory, a ch

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“The General Theory” also inclu

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___ 8. If the consumption function

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3. If the MPC is .667, and investme

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Chapter 9 Fiscal Policy The basic e

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Keynesian Fiscal Policy Theory and

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Example 5A: The federal government

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The Laffer Curve What will happen t

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Appendix: The Importance of Incenti

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___ 4. A decrease in government exp

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2. Explain what automatic stabilize

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Chapter 10 Money, Money Creation, a

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Example 4B: The castaways on Gillig

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Looking at the balance sheet below,

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Demand-side One-shot Inflation Exam

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4. Inflation increases uncertainty

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life; it came into existence not by

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calculated by using the potential d

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___ 12. If the required-reserve rat

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4. Referring to the balance sheet f

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Chapter 11 The Federal Reserve Syst

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5. After Bank X sells the \$300,000

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Low Mortgage Interest Rates Mortgag

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Relaxed Standards for Mortgage Loan

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The Bursting of the Housing Bubble

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On February 17, 2009, the federal g

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Fed policies caused short-term inte

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___ 10. The Fed’s most important

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___ 25. In response to the recessio

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Chapter 12 Monetary Policy The basi

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2. A change in aggregate demand (AD

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Monetarist Transmission Mechanism C

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3. Borrowers do not have to seek ou

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Appendix: Book Review - “The Age

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Questions for Chapter 12 Fill-in-th

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___ 16. The primary source of incom

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7. According to Alan Greenspan, wha

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Chapter 13 Taxes, Deficits, and the

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Example 5: In 2015, Taxpayer A had

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of \$5 and a quantity of 10 units. T

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The complexity of the tax law also

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the current government spending and

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cut of 1964. The top rate was lower

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___ 6. Federal excise taxes: a. are

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3. How would eliminating the loopho

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Chapter 14 Economic Growth The basi

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2. Labor. Labor can contribute to e

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An improvement in technology (e.g.

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• Page 246 and 247: Chapter 15 Less Developed Countries
• Page 248 and 249: Example 8: Countries A, B, C, and D
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• Page 252 and 253: c. Restrictions on international tr
• Page 254 and 255: Appendix: Book Review - “The Powe
• Page 256 and 257: Example 25: In Brazil, about half t
• Page 258 and 259: Study Guide for Chapter 15 Chapter
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• Page 262 and 263: 4. List four ways that governments
• Page 264 and 265: Chapter 16 International Trade The
• Page 266 and 267: Other Benefits of Free Internationa
• Page 268 and 269: Example 6: The graph below illustra
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• Page 294 and 295: In the long run, would the deadweig
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• Page 304 and 305: Example 9: Capital City operates a
• Page 306 and 307: Marginal rate of substitution - the
• Page 308 and 309: The diamond-water paradox is the ob
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• Page 320 and 321: Corporations also use self-financin
• Page 322 and 323: Example 24: A blacksmith who produc
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• Page 330 and 331: Chapter 20 Production and Costs The
• Page 332 and 333: In Example 5B, Birdwell finds that
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If the scale of operation is increa

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average total cost. Average fixed c

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___ 11. Concerning the cost curves:

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5. Complete the following cost tabl

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Chapter 21 Perfect Competition The

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Even though a perfect competitor ca

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Example 6C: This example builds on

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At what price will there be neither

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Appendix: Perfect Competition in th

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Multiple Choice: ___ 1. A perfect c

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___ 17. Perfect competition: a. req

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Chapter 22 Monopoly Of the four mar

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3. Exclusive ownership of an essent

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maximizing quantity (4 units) creat

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\$22 - 20 - 18 - 16 - 14 - Deadweigh

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2. Negotiating, beginning at a high

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Legal barriers are created by gover

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___ 8. The slope of the demand curv

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Price Quantity 3. List some of the

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Chapter 23 Monopolistic Competition

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For Percomp (the perfect competitor

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Example 7A: The graph below represe

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Example 9: The Organization of the

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Example 12 illustrates the dilemma

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its current price and quantity. The

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___ 14. Game theory: a. is a method

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Chapter 24 Factor Markets The basic

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\$ \$240 - 200 - 160 - 120 - 80 - 40

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Since producers will attempt to equ

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2. Differences in nonmoney aspects

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were his strikeouts, walks, and hom

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___ 3. To maximize profits, a produ

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___ 19. According to the book, “M

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Multiple Choice: 1. a. 8. c. 15. d.

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Chapter 25 Labor Unions The primary

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The elasticity of demand for union

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Example 4A: Assume that the graph b

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Notice from the graph in Example 6

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Wage Factory A Quantity of Labor S

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As a cartel, a labor union faces a

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___ 10. For a monopsony: a. there i

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3. The graph below represents a lab

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Chapter 26 Interest, Present Value,

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An increase in expected rates of re

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An asset is valuable because we exp

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Example 13B: General Ordnance prove

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Appendix: Present Value Table One f

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___ 4. An increase in expected rate

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Problems: 1. List and explain the t

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Chapter 27 Market Failure The basic

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External Benefit If a market genera

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Example 2: To encourage the consump

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\$100 - 90 - 80 - MSC 70 - \$ 60 - 50

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A common good is nonexcludable. Non

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Study Guide for Chapter 27 Chapter

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___ 5. What government policy would

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4. Based on the information on the

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Chapter 28 Public Choice and Govern

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Candidates and the Median Voter Mod

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Example 8: According to State and F

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Example 10: When Elvis Presley was

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4. Pessimistic bias. This is the te

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___ 5. An elected official will: a.

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2. If a certain policy will yield s

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Chapter 29 Government Regulation of

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underproduction is the amount that

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market. They may agree with their c

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Questions for Chapter 29 Fill-in-th

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___ 10. The public interest theory

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4. List the four types of costs imp

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Chapter 30 Agriculture and Health C

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weather may cause bumper crops. Bad

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Security and Rural Investment Act o

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Example 12: From 1960 to 2013, the

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1. NHI would provide universal heal

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d. Insurance providers are not allo

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Study Guide for Chapter 30 Chapter

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Answer questions 7. through 10. by

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___ 21. If there were no individual

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Chapter 31 Income Distribution and

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Income is more equally distributed

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over a typical career is the accumu

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Ideal Income Redistribution The ide

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Poverty - a family whose income fal

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Appendix: Income Inequality around

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How is this story an analogy for th

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___ 2. In 2013, the Lowest Income 6

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Problems: 1. Explain the two primar

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Absolute advantage - when one natio

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Fiat money - money by government de

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Nonrivalrous good - a good for whic

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“Company town”, 25-6 Comparativ

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Eli Lilly and Company, 22-1 Emergen

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Houston, Texas, 15-10 Human capital

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Market, 3-1, 3-8-9 Market basket, 4

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Political bias, 9-4, 12-7 Political

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Short run production, 20-2-3 Short-

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Upturns, 9-4 USDA, 27-9, 30-1-2, 30

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