# RRB JE Electrical solved question paper 2015

Ques.1. The cyclic integral of (δQ − δW) for a process is

1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Zero
4. Unpredictable

Explanation:-

It was established by an English Scientist James Prescott Joule (1819-83) in 1843, that heat and mechanical energies are mutually convertible. He established through experiments that whenever a certain amount of work is done, a definite quantity of heat is produced. In other words, there is a numerical relation between the unit of work and a unit of heat. This relation is denoted by J (named after Joule) and it is known as Joule’s equivalent of the mechanical equivalent of heat.

Since the unit of work is joule or kilojoule and the unit of heat is also joule or kilojoule, therefore we can convert straightway heat units into mechanical units and vice versa. The relationship between heat and work is the basis of the First Law of Thermodynamics. It is one of the most fundamental laws of energy and is of special importance to engineers. It is also called the law of conservation of energy.

First Law of Thermodynamics

According to this law, when a closed or non-flow system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the network transfer. Mathematically,

Q = W——-(1)

i.e. the cyclic integral of heat transfer is equal to the cyclic integral of work transfer. It may be noted that the symbol stands for cyclic integral (i.e. integral around a complete cycle), δQ & δW are small elements of heat and work transfers respectively, and have the same units. The equation (i) may be written as

∮(δQ − δW) = 0

It follows from this equation that “if a system is taken through a cycle of processes so that it returns to the same state or condition from which it started, then the sum of heat and work will be zero.” It may be noted that δQ & δW are both path functions, but their difference ie. (δQ − δW) is a point function as the cyclic integral of (δQ − δW) is zero, i.e. ∮(δQ − δW) = 0.

Ques.2. Triple point temperature of water is

1. 273 K
2. 273.14 K
3. 273. 15 K
4. 273. 16 K

Explanation:-

The triple point of water is the one unique temperature and pressure pair at which ice, liquid water, and water vapor can coexist in contact with one another.

The triple point of pure water is at 0.01°C i.e 273.16 K, 32.01°F) and 4.58 mm of mercury.

Ques.3. Which of the following law of thermodynamics is responsible for heat transfer?

1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
2. First law of thermodynamics
3. Second law of thermodynamics
4. Third law of thermodynamics

Explanation:-

According to the first statement of the first law, a closed system undergoing a thermodynamic cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the total work done. But this does not specify the direction in which the heat and workflows. It also does not give any condition under which these transfers take place.

According to the second statement of the first law, heat energy and mechanical work are mutually convertible. Though the mechanical energy can be fully converted into heat energy, only a part of heat energy is converted into mechanical work.

If you want to heat up a bowl of noodles for lunch, you don’t just let it sit on the table and expect the noodles to cook on their own. Even though the table may have several kilojoules of energy because it has a certain mass and a certain temperature, the quality of the energy isn’t sufficient to cook the noodles. The quality of the energy of the table, room, and bowl of soup is all the same, so no energy can be exchanged between them. If you let a bowl of hot noodles sit on the table, it cools off. Energy flows in a certain direction, just as water naturally flows downhill. In order to provide heating, you need a high-quality source of energy relative to the system receiving the energy. The heat source needs to have a higher temperature than the material receiving the heat.

Unlike the other three laws, the second law of thermodynamics isn’t summed up in a single, simple statement. Instead, the second law is a collection of concepts about the quality of energy for performing a process. The basic idea is that for a typical thermodynamic heat addition process, energy flows from a high-quality High-temperature energy reservoir into the process. Conversely, for a typical heat removal process, energy flows from the process into a low-quality Low-temperature energy reservoir. All thermodynamic cycles that provide work or refrigeration operate between high- and low-temperature reservoirs. The high-temperature reservoir is known as the heat source, and the low-temperature reservoir is known as the heat sink.

When you perform a second law analysis on a system, you evaluate the quality of the energy used in the process as well as how much the quality degrades during the process. When you evaluate the quality of energy, you determine the amount of entropy generated in the process. Processes that generate large quantities of entropy in a process are inefficient. A second law analysis is helpful in looking at thermodynamic cycles and identifying where efficiency improvements are most beneficial.

STATEMENTS OF SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Following are the two common statements of the second law of thermodynamics:

1. Kelvin-Planck statement. The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics is as follows:

“it is impossible to construct an engine which, while working in a cycle, produces no effect other than to extract heat from a single thermal reservoir and perform an equivalent work. “

This statement relates to a heat engine and it means that the complete conversion of heat energy into work is impossible. In other words, the *efficiency of a heat engine cannot be 100 percent.

2. Clausius statement. The Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics is as follows:

“It is impossible to construct an engine which, while working in a cycle, produces no effect

other than to It answer heat from a low-temperature reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir without the aid of an external agency.”

This statement relates to a heat pump or refrigerator and it means that external work is required to pump heat from a low-temperature reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir. Alternately, it may be stated that the coefficient of performance of a heat pump or a refrigerator is finite.

So this law states that heat is always from high temperature to low temperature. Hence heat transfer is governed by the second law of thermodynamics.

Ques 4. Which one of the following mode of heat transfer would take place predominantly from boiler furnace to a water wall?

1. Convection
2. Conduction
4. Conduction and Convection

Explanation:-

A furnace is the primary part of the boiler where the chemical energy available is converted into thermal energy by the combustion process.

HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILERS

An understanding of heat transfer is a fundamental requirement for a boiler operator. There are three ways that heat is transferred, conduction, radiation, and convection and all three mean occur in a boiler. The fundamentals of these heat transfer processes are individually simple, but the applications are complex because of the simultaneous occurrence of several modes of heat transfer, irregular shapes involved, dynamic conditions, and so on. That is why heat transfer is a not-so-exact science, as the variables are many and the situations dynamic Also, a very large body of data on the fundamental properties of materials is required.

Heat Transfer by Conduction

Heat energy can be transferred from one substance to another when they are in direct contact. This type of heat transfer takes place in solid objects. Heat transfer in this method is linearly related to the temperature difference. This method of heat transfer is called conduction.

The conduction method of heat transfer is mainly seen in solid objects. It happens when any ho material comes in contact with a cold material. When heat is transferred through conduction the substance itself does not move; rather, heat is transferred internally by vibrations of atoms and molecules. Electrons can also carry heat. Metals have many free electrons which mov^t around randomly. They can transfer heat from one part of the metal to another. So, metals art is generally a good conductor of heat.

Some solid materials are a better conductor of heat than others. For example, metals are good conductors of heat while material like wood is not. When a metal is heated at one end, the other end also becomes hot while that does not happen with a piece of wood. Good conductors of electricity are often good conductors of heat.

Since the atoms are closer together, solids conduct heat better than liquids or gases This means that two solid materials in contact would transfer heat from one to the other better than a solid in contact with a  gas or a gas with a liquid.

Heat flow from flue gases to water/steam across the metal wall in a boiler, loss of furnace heat to the surrounding atmosphere through insulation, and heat loss from hot steam/water pipes through insulation are all examples of conduction.

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION

Molecules of a liquid and gas are not confined to a certain point. They change their position, In this case, heat energy is transported from one point to another by the movement of these molecules. This phenomenon of heat transfer is called convection.

Heat transfer in fluids is generally done through convection. The hotter part of the fluid is not as dense as the cooler part, so there is an upward buoyant force on the hotter fluid, making rise while the cooler and denser fluid sinks. The convection current is set up in the fluid.

Convection may take place naturally through the creation of convection current or by applying some external force. Convection in a boiler is due to the movement of hot gases over the stock surface.

Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves from the surface without the need of any medium. Heat flow in a boiler furnace is almost entirely by radiation. A unique property of radiant heat is that it requires no medium to carry it, so it can travel through a vacuum, as radiant heat from the sun travels through the vacuum of space. Radiation wave is generated from the flame, hot combustion product, and through the wall of the furnace.

Ques.5. Compression ratio in case of SI engine in the range of

1. 6 – 10
2. 10 – 15
3. 16 – 25
4. 25 – 40

Explanation:-

The compression ratio for an internal combustion engine is defined in the same way as for an external combustion engine, that is, maximum cylinder volume divided by minimum cylinder volume.

The higher the compression ratio, the higher is the effective efficiency in the range of particular interest to spark-ignition engines. In practice, the compression ratio is limited by the knock characteristics of the fuel.

The SI engines have lower compression ratios usually between 8 to 10 as compared to the Diesel engine which has a compression ratio of  16 to 22.

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Ques.6. Mean effective pressure of the Otto cycle is

1. Inversely proportional to pressure ratio
2. Directly proportional to pressure ratio
3. Does not depends on the pressure ratio
4. Proportional to the square root of pressure ratio

Answer.2. Directly proportional to pressure ratio

Explanation:-

Otto cycle: An ideal four-cycle gas engine consisting of two isentropic and two constant volume processes.

Mean effective pressure (MEP): Defined as the work output of a cycle divided by the volume swept out by the piston.

Where

γ = Specific heat

r = compression ratio

rp = Pressure ratio

P = Pressure

In the case of  OTTO CYCLE, the work output is directly proportional to the pressure ratio.  The mean effective pressure which is an indication of the internal work output increases with an increase in pressure ratio. For an Otto cycle, an increase in the compression ratio leads to an increase in the mean effective pressure as well as the thermal efficiency.

Ques.7. The choke is applied when the engine is

1. Accelerating
2. Hot
3. Cold
4. Idling

Explanation:-

When an engine is cold, the intake and combustion chamber parts are cold. These cold parts make the vaporization of gasoline difficult and the engine hard to start. Many carburetors use a choke to help start a cold engine.

For the cold start phase of engine operation, a rich fuel mixture is needed because the engine metal is cold. When the engine is cold, the air-fuel mixture is also cold and won’t vaporize or combust readily. To compensate for this reluctance to burn, the amount of fuel in proportion to the amount of air must be increased. This is accomplished by the use of a cold start system or choke. Choke is designed to provide and control a richer-than-normal air-fuel mixture, which is necessary to quickly start a cold power equipment engine. Most carburetor cold-start mixtures are designed to operate at a ratio of approximately 10:1, that is, 10 parts of air to 1 part of fuel.

Ques.8. In which of the milling operation cutter is rotated in the same direction if travel of the workpiece

1. Up milling
2. Down milling
3. Face milling
4. End milling

Explanation:-

Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material by advancing a cutter into a workpiece. A milling machine uses a multipoint tool to remove metal from a workpiece. The use of multipoint tools enables the machine to achieve^fast rates of metal removal and produce a good surface finish.

Types of milling processes

Milling processes may  be divided into two types:

1. Peripheral milling
2. Face Milling

Peripheral milling:-

In this operation, the machined surface is parallel to the axis of rotation of the cutter. Two types of processes are possible, depending on the sense of rotation of the cutter relative to the direction of movement of the workpiece. These processes are termed up milling and down milling.

Up milling is the conventional type of milling in which the cutter is rotated against the direction of travel of the workpiece. The thickness of the chip is small at the beginning and increases towards the end of the cut. The upward cutting force tends to lift the workplace from the table. Due to the nature of the cutting forces, the difficulty is experienced in feeding coolant at the beginning of the cut. In spite of the disadvantages, it is used so often because it is safer. It is particularly useful for milling castings containing particles of sand, and also for milling welded joints.

Down milling which is also called climb milling, is a process in which the cutter is rotated in the same direction as the direction of travel of the workpiece. The thickness of the chip and the cutting force is a maximum when the tooth begins cutting, and a minimum when the tooth stops cutting. Here, metal is removed when the cutter moves downwards. In this case, the clamping of the work is easier and the chips are disposed of more easily. Coolants can be fed into the cutting zones, and this reduces heat problems and gives a better surface finish. However, down milling cannot be used on machines having the backlash. The backlash causes the work to be drawn below the cutter at the beginning of the cut and leaves the work free when the cut is over. This results in vibration and damage to the workpiece.

Face milling produces a flat machined surface perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cutter. The main cutting is done by the peripheral cutting teeth while the face cutting edges finish the work by removing a small quantity of metal.

Ques.9. Dry and compressed air is used as cutting fluid for machining

1. Steel
2. Aluminum
3. Cast Iron
4. Brass

Explanation:-

The percentage of carbon in cast iron is very high.  The carbon in cast iron is still in the form of graphite flakes and appears in the microstructure as flakes.

Grey cast iron contains 2% to 4% carbon, 1% to 3% silicon, approximately 1,5% phosphorus, and the remainder is iron.

Grey cast iron has the properties listed below.

• It has a low melting point.
• It has great fluidity, therefore it casts very well.
• It has high compressive strength.
• It can easily be worked using machines.
• It has good resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion.
• It is self-lubricating due to its free graphite and therefore does not require cutting fluid when it is being machined.
• It has a damping capacity which means it can absorb vibrations.
• It is stabilized by weathering.

Grey cast iron, because of its good casting ability, is used for machine tools, machine beds, and frames, engine blocks, marking-off tables, surface plates, and bathtubs.

Ques.10. Spline-Holes are machined by

1. Milling
2. Boring
3. Drilling
4. Broaching
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