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# fractals rule - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Fractals Rule!. Some Background Information Helpful to People Wanting to Understand Fractal Geometry. Background Concepts. Iterative Sequences Seed Values Convergence and Divergence Complex Numbers Complex Plane Multiplying Complex Numbers Mandelbrot Set and Julia Sets.

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### Fractals Rule!

Some Background Information

Understand Fractal Geometry

• Iterative Sequences

• Seed Values

• Convergence and Divergence

• Complex Numbers

• Complex Plane

• Multiplying Complex Numbers

• Mandelbrot Set and Julia Sets

• Feed a number to a function and get the output.

• Apply the same function to output as new input.

• Continue…

{x, f(x), f(f(x)), f(f(f(x))), f(f(f(f(x)))), …}

The orbit of x – Converges? Diverges? Cycles?

An+1 = An + An-1

Seed Values: A0 = 0 A1 = 1

A2 = 0 + 1 = 1

A3 = 1 + 1 = 2

A4 = 2 + 1 = 3

A5 = 3 + 2 = 5

Sequence:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89…

Classic examples:

Figurate Numbers

Triangular Numbers: 1, 3, 6, 10… n(n+1)/2

Square Numbers: 1, 4, 9, 25, 36… n2

Cuboctahedral #s: 1, 12, 42, 92… 1 ; 10n2+2

Primes P(n): 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29…

(sometimes no rule is known)

See:

Sloane’s On-Line Dictionary of Integer Sequences

Sequences defined by simple rules:

Additive (e.g. An+1 = An + An-1 )

Geometric (e.g. zn = r zn-1: 2, 4, 8, 16,…)

Other (zn = zn-12 + c)

Sequences defined by partial sums: running totals of elements

Divergent sequences: {1, 1+1/2, 1+1/2+1/3, 1+1/2+1/3+1/4, …}

Convergent sequences: {1, 1+1/4, 1+1/4+1/9, 1+1/4+1/9+1/16,…}

Cycling sequences: {decimal digits of 1/7}

Chaotic or aperiodic sequences: {decimal digits of PI}

Ratios:

1/1, 2/1, 3/2, 5/3, 8/5, 13/8…

Sequence of Fibonacci #s:

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55…

• Fibn+1/Fibn goes to f

• as n goes to infinity

• f = (1 + Ö5)/2

Fibonacci sequence is

geometric

Self Similarity around a single point

Caspar Wessel (1745-1818)

Jean –Robert Argand (1768-1822)

Abraham De Moivre (1667-1754)

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855)

Solutions to polynomials sometimes involved complex quantities

even when all the solutions were real. Troubling to many.

Generalization of polynomials required expansion of real numbers

to this larger set allowing –1 to have even numbers of roots.

e i p = -1

Z1 x Z2

From ‘An Imaginary Tale: The Story of Ö-1’ by Paul J. Nahin

Princeton University Press, 1998

• So when |z|=1, multiplying z by itself just takes you

• around and around on the unit circle.

• Consider iterations on the complex plane using z

• values and a fixed c, in z = z2 + c (new z from old z).

• So if c = 0, points inside the unit circle converge to 0,

• and points outside diverge.

• The Julia Set is the boundary in between divergent and

• Convergent, i.e. is the unit circle itself when c = 0.

C = Complex Numbers

Seed Values: z0 = 0, c in C

Function: Q(z) = z2 + c

For all c, |c| £ 2, compute {0,Q(0), Q(Q(0)), Q(Q(Q(0))),…} to some

number of iterations N and determine whether the sequence is

convergent, divergent or cyclic at that point.

The Mandelbrot Set consists of those points c in C for which

the sequence does NOT diverge, when N goes to infinity.

Color code according to how quickly the value escapes (diverges)

Hold c constant for the entire picture, and make Z0 be each point

in the complex plane.

Julia Set is the boundary between divergent and not-divergent z

Values (filled Julia includes not-divergent values)

If c is in the Mandelbrot Set, then

the corresponding Julia Set is

connected, otherwise it’s

Cantor Dust.

The Julia set looks similar to the

Mandelbrot in the vicinity of c.
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