# SHARP BOUNDS FOR THE SUM OF THE SQUARES OF THE DEGREES OF A GRAPH

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1 31 Kragujevac J. Math. 25 (2003) SHARP BOUNDS FOR THE SUM OF THE SQUARES OF THE DEGREES OF A GRAPH Kinkar Ch. Das Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur , W.B., India ; (Received August 28, 2003) Abstract. Let G = (V, E) be a simple graph with n vertices, e edges, and vertex degrees d 1, d 2,..., d n. Let d 1, d n be the highest and the lowest degree of vertices of G and m i be the average of the degrees of the vertices adjacent to v i V. We prove that d 2 i = e n 1 + n 2 if and only if G is a star graph or a complete graph or a complete graph with one isolated vertex. We establish the following upper bound for the sum of the squares of the degrees of a graph G: d 2 i e n 1 + (n 2) [ 4e d 1 n 1 2m 1 ] (n + 1) (n 1) d 1 + (n 1) with equality if and only if G is a star graph or a complete graph or a graph of isolated vertices. Moreover, we present several upper and lower bounds for n d 2 i and determine the extremal graphs which achieve the bounds and apply the inequalities to obtain bounds on the total number of triangles in a graph and its complement.,

2 32 1. INTRODUCTION Throughout this paper G = (V, E) will denote a simple undirected graph with n vertices and e edges. In order to avoid trivialities we always assume that n 2. Also assume that the vertices are labeled such that d 1 d 2... d n, where d i is the degree of the vertex v i for i = 1, 2,..., n. The average of the degrees of the vertices adjacent to v i is denoted by m i. We consider the following problem: find upper and lower bounds for n d 2 i in terms of n, e, d 1 and d n. We would like the bounds to be sharp, that is, we would like to show the existence of extremal graphs pertaining to the bounds. We recall some known upper bounds for n d 2 i. 1. Székely et al. [11]: 2. D. de Caen [2]: d 2 i ( d i ) 2. (1) d 2 i e( + n 2). (2) n 1 Caen pointed out that (1) and (2) are incomparable. He has also mentioned that the bound (2) is perhaps a bit more useful than (1), since it depends only on n and e rather than on the full-degree sequence. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we find out the lower bound for the sum of squares of the degrees of a graph G in terms of n and e. In Section 3, we characterize the graphs for which the equality holds in (2) and also obtain some upper bounds for n di 2 in terms of n, e, d 1 and d n. In Section 4, we relate the Laplacian graph eigenvalues to the degree sequence of a graph G. In Section 5, we point out bounds on t(g) + t(g c ), where t(g) denotes the number of triangles in G and G c is the complement of G. Also we determine the extremal graphs which achieve the bounds on n d 2 i.

3 33 2. LOWER BOUND FOR n In this section we present two lower bounds for n d 2 i. d2 i Theorem 2.1. Let G be a simple graph with n vertices, and e edges. Then d 2 i (2p + 1) pn(1 + p), where p = [ n ], (3) and the equality holds if and only if the difference of the degrees of any two vertices of graph G is at most one. Here [x] denotes the greatest positive integer less than or equal to x. Proof. Consider two vertices, v i of degree d i and v j of degree d j, where d i d j. Also let n d 2 i be minimum. If possible, let d i d j 2. Therefore there exists a vertex v k, which is adjacent to v i, but not v j. If we remove the edge v k v i and add an edge between the vertices v k and v j, then the degree sequence of the new graph is d 1, d 2,..., d n ; where d i = d i 1, d j = d j + 1, d t = d t, t = 1, 2,..., n; t i, j. Therefore d 2 i = which is a contradiction as n d 2 i is minimum. = < d 2 i + (d i 1) 2 d 2 i + (d j + 1) 2 d 2 j d 2 i 2(d i d j 1) d 2 i, by d i d j + 2, Since v i and v j are arbitrary, therefore the difference of any two vertex degrees is at most one. So, some of the vertices have degree p and the remaining vertices (if any) have degree p + 1, where p = [ ]. Therefore ( pn) vertices have degree (p + 1). Hence n Min d 2 i = (2p + 1) pn(1 + p),

4 34 i.e., d 2 i (2p + 1) pn(1 + p), where p = [ n ]. Now suppose that the equality holds in (3). Therefore some of the vertices have degree p and the remaining vertices (if any) have degree p+1, where p = [ ]. Hence the difference n of the degrees of any two vertices of graph G is at most one. Conversely, suppose that the difference of the degrees of any two vertices of the graph G be at most one. Then we can easily see that the equality holds in (3). Lemma 2.2. Let G be a simple graph with n vertices, e edges and let d 1 be the highest vertex degree. If d i, i = 1, 2,..., n is the degree sequence of G, then d 2 i (2p + 1)( d 1 ) + d (d 1 n t) p(n 1)(p + 1) if d 1 > n 1 t, and d 2 i (2p + 1)( d 1 ) + d 2 1 p(n 1)(p + 1) if d 1 n 1 t, where p = [ 2(e d 1) (n 1) ] and t = 2(e d 1) p(n 1). Proof. Let v 1 be a highest degree vertex of the graph G. We remove the vertex v 1 and its corresponding edges and denote the resultant graph as G 1. Let d i, i = 1, 2,..., (n 1) be the degree sequence of G 1. From Theorem 2.1 we get that the minimum value of n d 2 i is attained in terms of n, e if and only if the difference of the degrees of any two vertices of graph G is at most one. Using this result we conclude that the value of n 1 d 2 i (in terms of the number of vertices and edges) will be minimum if the value of n d 2 i (in terms of n, e and d 1 ) is minimum. We have to find the minimum value of n d 2 i in terms of n, e and d 1. For this first we find the minimum value of n 1 d 2 i in terms of the number of vertices and edges. The graph G 1 has (n 1) vertices and (e d 1 ) edges. Using the above Theorem 2.1, we get n 1 d 2 i 2(e d 1 )(2p + 1) p(n 1)(1 + p), where p = [ 2(e d 1) n 1 ],

5 35 where p is the greatest positive integer less than or equal to 2(e d 1), and the difference of n 1 the degrees of any two vertices of graph G 1 is at most one. Let t = 2(e d 1 ) p(n 1). Therefore G 1 has t vertices of degree (p+1) and (n 1 t) vertices of degree p. Now we add the vertex v 1 of degree d 1 and join with edges to the vertices of graph G 1 such that n d 2 i is minimum. So, the vertex v 1 is connected to as many degree p vertices as possible and then to the remaining degree (p + 1) vertices till the d 1 degrees are exhausted. Two cases are (a) d 1 > n 1 t, (b) d 1 n 1 t. Case (a) d 1 > n 1 t. n 1 Min d 2 i = Min d 2 i + d p(n 1 t) + (n 1 t) + (d 1 n t) [(p + 2) 2 (p + 1) 2 ], i.e., d 2 i (2p + 1)( d 1 ) + d (d 1 n t) p(n 1)(p + 1), where p = [ 2(e d 1) (n 1) ] and t = 2(e d 1) p(n 1). Case (b) d 1 n 1 t. n 1 Min d 2 i = Min d 2 i + d d 1 (2p + 1), i.e., d 2 i (2p + 1)( d 1 ) + d 2 1 p(n 1)(p + 1), where p = [ 2(e d 1) (n 1) ]. Remark. The lower bounds obtained from Lemma 2.2 and (3) are the best possible because we can construct a graph for which equality holds. Theorem 2.3. Let G be a graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i d d 2 n + ( d 1 d n ) 2. (4) (n 2)

6 36 Moreover, equality in (4) holds if and only if d 2 = d 3 =... = d n 1. Proof. Let us take the degrees d 2, d 3,..., d n 1 with associated weights d 2, d 3,..., d n 1 ; then applying A.M. H.M., we get n 1 i=2 d 2 i n 1 i=2 d i n 1 i=2 d i (n 2), and equality holds if and only if d 2 = d 3 =... = d n 1. Therefore i.e., n 1 i=2 d 2 i ( n 1 i=2 d i ) 2 (n 2), d 2 i d d 2 n + ( d 1 d n ) 2, (n 2) and equality holds if and only if d 2 = d 3 =... = d n UPPER BOUND FOR n d2 i In this section we give some upper bounds for n d 2 i in terms of n, e, d 1, and d n. Let N i be the neighbor set of the vertex v i V and m 1 be the average degree of the highest degree vertex. Lemma 3.1. Let G be a graph with degree sequence d i, i = 1, 2,..., n and n d 2 i be maximum. If a vertex v 1 of maximum degree is not adjacent to some vertex v then d v = 0. Proof. If possible, let d v 0. Now we insert an edge vv 1 and drop an edge vv 2, where v 2 is adjacent to v as d v 0. The new value of the sum of squares of the vertex degrees is n d 2 i = [(d 1 + 1) 2 d 2 1] [d 2 2 (d 2 1) 2 ] = 2(d 1 d 2 + 1) > 0, which is a contradiction because n d 2 i was supposed to be maximum.

7 37 Hence the result. Corollary 3.2. Let G be a connected graph with n vertices and e edges. Then the highest degree of G is (n 1) if n d 2 i is maximum. Then Theorem 3.3. Let G be a graph with n vertices, e edges and n d 2 i be maximum. (i) N i {v j } = N j {v i } if and only if d i = d j, (ii) N i {v j } N j {v i } if and only if d i > d j, (iii) d j < d i if v i N k and v j {N k } c {v k }. where d i and d j are the degrees of any two vertices v i and v j, respectively. Proof. (i) Suppose that d i = d j. If possible, let N i {v j } = N j {v i }. Since d i = d j, there exists at least two vertices, v s, which is adjacent to v i but not v j and v t, which is adjacent to v j but not v i. Let d s and d t be the degrees of the vertices v s and v t, respectively. Two cases are (a) d s d t, (b) d s < d t. Case (a) d s d t. We remove an edge v j v t and add an edge between the vertices v j and v s. Let the degree sequence of the new graph be d 1, d 2,..., d n ; where d s = d s + 1, d t = d t 1, d i = d i, i = 1, 2,..., n; i s, t. Then d 2 i = = d 2 i + (d s + 1) 2 d 2 s + (d t 1) 2 d 2 t d 2 i + 2(d s d t + 1). From the above relation we get n d 2 i > n d 2 i, a contradiction.

8 38 Case (b) d s < d t. In this case we remove an edge v i v s and add an edge between the vertices v i and v t. Similarly, we arrive at a contradiction. Therefore N i {v j } = N j {v i }. Conversely, let N i {v j } = N j {v i }. Therefore d i = d j. (ii) Suppose that d i > d j. If possible, let N i {v j } N j {v i }. Therefore there exists a vertex v s, v s N j {v i } but v s / N i {v j }. We remove an edge v s v j and add an edge between the vertices v s and v i. Then the degree sequence of the new graph is d i = d i + 1, d j = d j 1, and d t = d t, i = 1, 2,..., n; t i, j. Then d 2 i = = > d 2 i + (d i + 1) 2 d 2 i + (d j 1) 2 d 2 j d 2 i + 2(d i d j + 1). d 2 i, (since d i > d j ), a contradiction. Therefore N i {v j } N j {v i }. Conversely, let N i {v j } N j {v i }. Therefore d i > d j. (iii) If possible, let d j d i. Using (i) and (ii), we get N i {v j } N j {v i }. Since v i N k, v i v k E. We have N j {v i } N i {v j } {v k }. Therefore v k N j {v i } implies that v j v k E. Since v j {N k } c {v k }, then v j v k / E, a contradiction. Hence the Theorem. Lemma 3.4. [2] Let G be a simple graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i e n 1 + n 2. (5)

9 39 Theorem 3.5. Let G be a connected graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i = e n 1 + n 2 if and only if G is a star graph or a complete graph. Proof. If G is a star graph or a complete graph then the equality holds. Conversely, let d 2 i = e n 1 + n 2. When n = 2, G is a complete graph of order two as G is a connected graph. Now we are to prove that G is a star graph or a complete graph for n > 2. By Lemma 3.4 and the above result, we conclude that n d 2 i is maximum. Using Corollary 3.2 we conclude that the highest degree of G is n 1. Now we delete a highest degree vertex and the corresponding edges from G. Let the degree sequence of G be d 1 = (n 1), d 2, d 3,...,d n. Therefore the degree sequence of the new graph is d 1 = d 2 1, d 2 = d 3 1,...,d n 1 = d n 1. Therefore n 1 d 2 i = d 2 i + (n 1) 2 + 4(e n + 1) + (n 1) i.e., i.e., = n 1 d 2 i + n 2 + 4e 5n + 4, 2(e n + 1) e n 1 + n 2 (e n + 1) + n 3 + n 2 + 4e 5n + 4, n 2 2 (n 1)(n 2) (n + 2) n(n 1) e (n 2) (n 2), i.e., 2 (n 1)(n + 2)e + n(n 1) 2 0, by n > 2, i.e., [e (n 1)][ n(n 1)] 0. (6)

10 40 From (6) we conclude that either e n 1 or e n(n 1) 2. Since G is a connected graph, n 1 e n(n 1) 2. Therefore either e = n 1 or e = n(n 1) 2. When e = n 1, G is a star graph as d 1 = n 1. When e = n(n 1) 2, G is a complete graph. Theorem 3.6. Let G be a simple graph with n vertices and e (> 0) edges. Then d 2 i = e n 1 + n 2 if and only if G is a star graph or a complete graph or a complete graph with one isolated vertex. Proof. If G is a star graph or a complete graph or a complete graph with one isolated vertex, then the equality holds. Conversely, let d 2 i = e n 1 + n 2 We need to prove that G is a star graph or a complete graph or a complete graph with one isolated vertex. If G is a connected graph then the theorem is proved by the previous Theorem 3.5. It remains to examine the case when G is a disconnected graph. For a disconnected graph we have to prove that G is a complete graph with one isolated vertex. Let G be a graph containing two connected components G 1 and G 2 with n 1, n 2 vertices and e 1 (> 0), e 2 (> 0) edges, respectively. Also let d 1i, i = 1, 2,..., n 1 and d 2i, i = 1, 2,..., n 2 be the degree sequence of the graphs G 1 and G 2, respectively. Therefore, n 1 [ ] d 2 1 1i e 1 n n 1 2. (7) and n 2 [ ] d 2 2 2i e 2 n n 2 2. (8) We have 1 /(n 1 1) 1 /(n 1 +n 2 1)+n 2 and 2 /(n 2 1) 2 /(n 1 +n 2 1)+n 1.

11 41 Therefore d 2 i = n 1 n 2 d 2 1i + d 2 2i 2 1 n 1 + n e 2 2 1n 2 + (n 1 2)e 1 + n 1 + n e 2n 1 + (n 2 2)e 2 2(e 1 + e 2 ) 2 n 1 + n (n 4e 1 e n 2 2)(e 1 + e 2 ) n 1 + n 2 1 < 2(e 1 + e 2 ) 2 n 1 + n (n 1 + n 2 2)(e 1 + e 2 ). (9) For the disconnected graph G, there are three possibilities: (i) there are at least two isolated vertices, (ii) no isolated vertex, (iii) exactly one isolated vertex. Case (i): Let k (k 2) be the number of isolated vertices in G. Then We have n n k d 2 i = [ d 2 i e ] n k 1 + n k 2, by (5). (10) d 2 i = e[ + n 2]. From this result and (10), we get e (n 1)(n n 1 k 1)/2. But e (n k)(n k 1)/2. From these two results k 1, a contradiction. Case (ii): Let there are no isolated vertices in G. In this case let there be p connected components in G. Therefore there is at least one edge in each component of G. Using (9) we conclude that n d 2 i < e[ + (n 2)], a contradiction. n 1 Case (iii): Let G contain only one isolated vertex. Then We have n n 1 d 2 i = d 2 i e n 2 + n 3, by (5). (11) d 2 i = e[ +n 2]. Using this result and (11), we get e (n 1)(n 2)/2. n 1 But e (n 1)(n 2)/2. Therefore e = (n 1)(n 2)/2, that is, G is a complete graph with one isolated vertex. Hence the theorem.

12 42 Theorem 3.7. Let G be a simple graph with degree sequence d 1, d 2,..., d n. Then d 2 i e(e + 1). (12) Proof. We show that if (12) holds for the graph G with n vertices and e edges then it also holds for the new graph G 1, constructed by joining any two non-adjacent vertices, v r and v s, by an edge. Therefore d r + d s e. (13) G 1 has n vertices and e + 1 edges with degree sequence d 1, d 2,..., d n. Therefore d r = d r + 1, d s = d s + 1, and d i = d i, i = 1, 2,..., n; i r, s. We have d 2 i = d 2 i + 2(d r + d s + 1) e(e + 1) + 2(e + 1), by (13) = (e + 1)(e + 2). Therefore (12) holds for graph G 1. Also for the star graph S 1,n 1 of order n, the equality in (12) holds. The inequality in (12) also holds for the graph constructed by adding an isolated vertex to the graph G. Any graph G can be constructed by starting with the star graph S 1,d1 (d 1, the highest degree) and making required constructions (addition of edges and vertices) at each step of which (12) holds true. Hence the theorem is proved for any graph G. Theorem 3.8. Let G be a connected graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i n n(n 1)d n + (d n 1), (14) where d n is the lowest degree. Moreover, the equality holds if and only if G is a star graph or a regular graph.

13 43 Proof. We have n d 2 i = n d i m i, where m i is the average degree of the adjacent vertices of the vertex v i V. We have d i m i d i (n d i 1)d n and the equality holds if and only if d i = n 1 or vertex v i is not adjacent to the d n degree vertices. Using this result, we get d 2 i [ d i (n d i 1)d n ] = n n(n 1)d n + (d n 1). Suppose now that equality in (14) holds. Then either d i = n 1 or d j = d n, for all v i V, v i v j / E, which implies that either (a) G is a star graph or (b) G is a regular graph. Conversely, it is easy to verify that equality in (14) holds for a star graph or a regular graph. Theorem 3.9 Let G be a graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i e n 1 + n 2 [ 4e d 1 n 1 2m 1 ] (n + 1) (n 1) d 1 + (n 1), (15) where d 1 is the highest degree and m 1 is the average degree of the vertices adjacent to the highest degree vertex. Moreover, equality in (15) holds if and only if G is a star graph or a complete graph or a graph of isolated vertices. Proof. Let v 1 be the highest degree vertex of degree d 1. Two cases are: (i) d 1 = n 1, (ii) d 1 < n 1. Case (i): d 1 = n 1. In this case m 1 = n+1. The inequality (15) reduces to n 1 which is true by (5). d 2 i e n 1 + n 2, (16)

14 44 Case (ii): d 1 < n 1. In this case all the vertices those are not adjacent to the vertex v 1 are adjacent to the vertex v 1. Denote the new graph by G 1. Also let d i, i = 1, 2,..., n be the degrees of G 1. By Lemma 3.4 on G 1, Now, i.e., d 2 2(e + n d1 1) i (e + n d 1 1) + n 2. (17) n 1 d 2 i d 2 i = (n 1) 2 d [ d 1 m 1 d 1 ] + (n d 1 1), [ ] 4e d 2 i e n 1 + n 2 d 1 n 1 2m (n + 1) 1 (n 1) d 1 + (n 1). Suppose that equality in (15) holds. Then the equality holds in either (16) or (17). Using Theorem 3.5 we conclude that G is either a star graph or a complete graph if the equality holds in (16). Since the graph G 1 is connected, using Theorem 3.5, G 1 is a star graph or a complete graph if the equality holds in (17). Since d 1 < n 1, G is a graph of isolated vertices if the equality holds in (17). Hence G is a star graph or a complete graph or a graph of isolated vertices. Conversely, it is easy to verify that equality in (15) holds for a star graph, a complete graph, and a graph of isolated vertices. Corollary 3.10 Let G be a graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i e n 1 + n 2 [ 4e d 1 n 1 2d 1 ] (n + 1) (n 1) d 1 + (n 1) Moreover, equality holds if and only if G is a complete graph or a graph of isolated vertices.. Remark. In the case of trees, the upper bound (15) is always better than D. Caen s bound, but it is not always so for any graph.

15 45 4. LAPLACIAN EIGENVALUE WITH DEGREE SEQUENCE Let A(G) be the adjacency matrix of G and let D(G) be the diagonal matrix of vertex degrees. The Laplacian matrix of G is L(G) = D(G) A(G). Clearly, L(G) is a real symmetric matrix. From this fact and Geršgorin s theorem, it follows that its eigenvalues are non-negative real numbers. Moreover, since its rows sum to 0, 0 is the smallest eigenvalue of L(G). The spectrum of G is S(G) = (λ 1 (G), λ 2 (G),..., λ n (G)), where λ 1 (G) λ 2 (G)... λ n (G) = 0 are the eigenvalues of L(G) arranged in nonincreasing order. We have and d i )d i = 2 ( d i d j, i j λ i )λ i = 2 ( λ i λ j. i j Since d i = λ i, from the above two relations follows, λ 2 i d 2 i = 2 d i d j 2 λ i λ j. i j i j From matrix theory is known that the sum of the product of two eigenvalues of L(G) is given by i j λ i λ j = i j d i d j e. Therefore λ 2 i = d 2 i +, that is, λ 2 i = d i (d i + 1).

16 46 Lemma 4.1. Let G be a graph. If we remove an edge v i v j then the maximum possible drop in eigenvalue λ k of L(G) is d i+d j +2 λ k, where d i and d j are the degrees of the vertices v i and v j, respectively. Proof. We have n 1 λ 2 i = d 2 i +. Also we know that if we remove an edge from the graph then the Laplacian eigenvalues of the graph are non-increasing. Let λ k be the drop of the k-th eigenvalue λ k of L(G). Then, n 1 k=1 (λ k λ k ) 2 = nk=1 d 2 k 2(d i + d j ) +. From these two results, we get i.e., 2 i.e., n 1 k=1 n 1 k=1 n 1 k=1 n 1 λ 2 k (λ k λ k ) 2 = 2(d i + d j ), k=1 n 1 λ k λ k ( λ k ) 2 = 2(d i + d j ), k=1 λ k λ k d i + d j + 2, by n k=1 ( λ k ) 2 4, i.e., λ k d i + d j + 2 λ k, k = 1, 2,..., (n 1). Example 4.2. Consider a graph G depicted in the Fig. 1. K p v i G v j K p Fig. 1 In G, v i and v j are two adjacent vertices connected by edges to one vertex each of the two complete graphs of order p. Therefore the highest degree of G is p. If we remove

17 47 an edge v i v j then using Lemma 4.1 the largest eigenvalue can drop by a maximum of 6 λ 1, where λ 1 is the largest eigenvalue of G. Therefore λ 1 6 λ 1, i.e., λ 1 = λ 1 λ 1 λ 1 6 λ 1, i.e., p + 1 λ 1 6, (since λ 1 = p + 1), λ 1 i.e., λ 1 (p + 1) + (p + 1) , 2 which is an upper bound for λ 1 of the graph G. Also this bound gives a better result than the other bounds (Section 1, [3]) for p > 4. Lemma 4.3. [10] If G is a simple connected graph, then λ 1 (G) d n (d n 1 2 )2 + d i (d i d n ). Equality holds if and only if G is a star graph [see [1], p. 283] or a regular bipartite graph. In [7] is shown that for a connected graph G with n > 1, λ 1 d Moreover, equality holds if and only if d 1 = n 1. Theorem 4.4. Let G be a simple connected graph with n vertices and e edges. Then d 2 i (d 1 d n ) 2 + d 1 + d n ( d n ), (18) Euality in (18) holds if and only if G is a star graph. Proof. We have λ 1 (G) d 1 + 1, where d 1 is the highest degree of G. From Lemma 4.3 and using this result, we get d 2 i (d 1 d n ) 2 + d 1 + d n ( d n ).

18 48 Moreover, we can easily determine that the equality holds in (18) if and only if G is a star graph. 5. APPLICATION Let t(g) denote the number of triangles in G. It was first observed by Goodman [4] that t(g) + t(g c ), where G c denotes the complement of G, is determined by the degree sequence: t(g) + t(g c ) = 1 [d i 2 v i V (n 1) ] n(n 1)(n 5). (19) 24 Goodman [5] raised the question of finding a best possible upper bound of the form t(g) + t(g c ) B(n, e), and he conjectured an expression for B(n, e). This conjecture was proved recently by Olpp [8]. Moreover, the expression of B(n, e) is rather complicated. We remark that two lower bounds and the four upper bounds on t(g) + t(g c ) follows from (3), (4) and (12), (14), (15), (17), respectively. References [1] R. A. Brualdi, From the Editor-in-Chief, Linear Algebra Appl. 360 (2003) [2] D. de Caen, An upper bound on the sum of squares of degrees in a graph, Discrete Math. 185 (1998) [3] K. C. Das, An improved upper bound for Laplacian graph eigenvalues, Linear Algebra Appl. 368 (2003) [4] A. W. Goodman, On sets of acquaintances and strangers at any party, Amer. Math. Monthly 66 (1959)

19 49 [5] A. W. Goodman, Triangles in a complete chromatic graph, J. Austral. Math. Soc. A 39 (1985) [6] L. Lovász, Combinatorial Problems and Exercises, North Holland, Amsterdam, [7] R. Merris, Laplacian matrices of graphs: A survey, Linear Algebra Appl (1994) [8] D. Olpp, A conjecture of Goodman and the multiplicities of graphs, Austral. J. Combin. 14 (1996) [9] Y. L. Pan, Sharp upper bounds for the Laplacian graph eigenvalues, Linear Algebra Appl. 355 (2002) [10] J. L. Shu, Y. Hong, K. W. Ren, A sharp upper bound on the largest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of a graph, Linear Algebra Appl. 347 (2002) [11] L. A. Székely, L. H. Clark, R. C. Entringer, An inequality for degree sequences, Discrete Math. 103 (1992)

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