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In this example we are dealing with paired data.

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\$$H_0:\$$ \$$\\mu_d=0\$$    i.e. The mean zinc concentration for surface water and bottom water is the same.

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\$$H_1:\$$ \$$\\mu_d<0\$$    i.e  The mean zinc concentration for surface water is less than the mean zinc concentration for bottom water.

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We must evaluate the differences: for each pair of values \$$d=x_1-x_2\$$

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\$$\\var{diff}\$$

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We now have a sample of \$$n=\\var{sample_size}\$$ differences.

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Recall:

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the formula for the mean difference:    \$$\\overline{d}=\\frac{\\sum {d}}{n}=\\var{diff_mean}\$$

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the formula for the standard deviation:   \$$s=\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sum{(d-\\overline{d})^2}}{n-1}}=\\var{diff_stdev}\$$

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the formula for the t-statistic:   \$$t=\\frac{\\overline{d}}{\\frac{s}{\\sqrt{n}}}=\\frac{\\var{diff_mean}}{\\frac{\\var{diff_stdev}}{\\sqrt{12}}}=\\var{test_statistic}\$$

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The t-table value will be for a one-tailed test and will have \$$n-1=11\$$ degrees of freedom. Because of the alternative hypothesis the t-value chosen will be negative.

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\$\\begin{array}{r|rrrr}&0.10&0.05&0.01\\\\\\hline11&-\\var{t90}&-\\var{t95}&-\\var{t99}\\end{array}\$

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Compare the test statistic with the t-table values and choose your conclusion.

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Trace metals in drinking water affect the flavor and an unusually high concentration can pose a health hazard. Twelve locations were selected and pairs of data were taken measuring zinc concentration in bottom water and surface water. (\$$\\mu g/l\$$)

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The data is presented below:

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Surface Water {r1[0]} {r1[1]} {r1[2]} {r1[3]} {r1[4]} {r1[5]} {r1[6]} {r1[7]} {r1[8]} {r1[9]} {r1[10]} {r1[11]} Bottom Water {r2[0]} {r2[1]} {r2[2]} {r2[3]} {r2[4]} {r2[5]} {r2[6]} {r2[7]} {r2[8]} {r2[9]} {r2[10]} {r2[11]}
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It is believed that the bottom water will contain more zinc per litre than the surface water.

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Input the appropriate sample mean: [[0]]

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Input the appropriate sample standard deviation: [[1]]

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Enter the value for the test statistic: t = [[2]]

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Reject the Null Hypothesis and conclude that the mean zinc concentration is greater for bottom water than surface water

", "

Reject the Null Hypothesis at the 5% significance level but accept the Null Hypothesis at the 1% significance level and conclude that the mean zinc concentration is the same for bottom water and surface water

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Reject the Null Hypothesis at the 10% significance level but accept the Null Hypothesis at the 5% significance level and conclude that the mean zinc concentration is the same for bottom water and surface water

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Accept the Null Hypothesis at the 10% significance level and conclude that the mean zinc concentration is the same for bottom water and surface water

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Having compared your test statistic with the table value, select one of the following conclusions that best describes your conclusion.

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