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# Solutions for Chapter 5.5: Elementary Statistics 12th Edition

## Full solutions for Elementary Statistics | 12th Edition

ISBN: 9780321836960

Solutions for Chapter 5.5

Solutions for Chapter 5.5
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##### ISBN: 9780321836960

Since 43 problems in chapter 5.5 have been answered, more than 159084 students have viewed full step-by-step solutions from this chapter. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters and their solutions. Chapter 5.5 includes 43 full step-by-step solutions. Elementary Statistics was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780321836960. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Elementary Statistics, edition: 12.

Key Statistics Terms and definitions covered in this textbook
• 2 k factorial experiment.

A full factorial experiment with k factors and all factors tested at only two levels (settings) each.

• a-error (or a-risk)

In hypothesis testing, an error incurred by failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is actually false (also called a type II error).

• Additivity property of x 2

If two independent random variables X1 and X2 are distributed as chi-square with v1 and v2 degrees of freedom, respectively, Y = + X X 1 2 is a chi-square random variable with u = + v v 1 2 degrees of freedom. This generalizes to any number of independent chi-square random variables.

• Average run length, or ARL

The average number of samples taken in a process monitoring or inspection scheme until the scheme signals that the process is operating at a level different from the level in which it began.

• Block

In experimental design, a group of experimental units or material that is relatively homogeneous. The purpose of dividing experimental units into blocks is to produce an experimental design wherein variability within blocks is smaller than variability between blocks. This allows the factors of interest to be compared in an environment that has less variability than in an unblocked experiment.

• Categorical data

Data consisting of counts or observations that can be classiied into categories. The categories may be descriptive.

• Central composite design (CCD)

A second-order response surface design in k variables consisting of a two-level factorial, 2k axial runs, and one or more center points. The two-level factorial portion of a CCD can be a fractional factorial design when k is large. The CCD is the most widely used design for itting a second-order model.

• Chance cause

The portion of the variability in a set of observations that is due to only random forces and which cannot be traced to speciic sources, such as operators, materials, or equipment. Also called a common cause.

• Conditional probability density function

The probability density function of the conditional probability distribution of a continuous random variable.

• Conditional variance.

The variance of the conditional probability distribution of a random variable.

• Contingency table.

A tabular arrangement expressing the assignment of members of a data set according to two or more categories or classiication criteria

• Convolution

A method to derive the probability density function of the sum of two independent random variables from an integral (or sum) of probability density (or mass) functions.

• Critical value(s)

The value of a statistic corresponding to a stated signiicance level as determined from the sampling distribution. For example, if PZ z PZ ( )( .) . ? =? = 0 025 . 1 96 0 025, then z0 025 . = 1 9. 6 is the critical value of z at the 0.025 level of signiicance. Crossed factors. Another name for factors that are arranged in a factorial experiment.

• Decision interval

A parameter in a tabular CUSUM algorithm that is determined from a trade-off between false alarms and the detection of assignable causes.

• Estimate (or point estimate)

The numerical value of a point estimator.

• Expected value

The expected value of a random variable X is its long-term average or mean value. In the continuous case, the expected value of X is E X xf x dx ( ) = ?? ( ) ? ? where f ( ) x is the density function of the random variable X.

• Factorial experiment

A type of experimental design in which every level of one factor is tested in combination with every level of another factor. In general, in a factorial experiment, all possible combinations of factor levels are tested.

• Gamma random variable

A random variable that generalizes an Erlang random variable to noninteger values of the parameter r

• Geometric mean.

The geometric mean of a set of n positive data values is the nth root of the product of the data values; that is, g x i n i n = ( ) = / w 1 1 .

• Hat matrix.

In multiple regression, the matrix H XXX X = ( ) ? ? -1 . This a projection matrix that maps the vector of observed response values into a vector of itted values by yˆ = = X X X X y Hy ( ) ? ? ?1 .

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