# Summed Area Table – Submatrix Summation

Given a matrix of size M x N, there are large number of queries to find submatrix sums. Inputs to queries are left top and right bottom indexes of submatrix whose sum is to find out.

How to preprocess the matrix so that submatrix sum queries can be performed in O(1) time.

Example:

tli :  Row number of top left of query submatrix
tlj :  Column number of top left of query submatrix
rbi :  Row number of bottom right of query submatrix
rbj :  Column number of bottom right of query submatrix

Input: mat[M][N] = {{1, 2, 3, 4, 6},
{5, 3, 8, 1, 2},
{4, 6, 7, 5, 5},
{2, 4, 8, 9, 4} };
Query1: tli = 0, tlj = 0, rbi = 1, rbj = 1
Query2: tli = 2, tlj = 2, rbi = 3, rbj = 4
Query3: tli = 1, tlj = 2, rbi = 3, rbj = 3;

Output:
Query1: 11  // Sum between (0, 0) and (1, 1)
Query2: 38  // Sum between (2, 2) and (3, 4)
Query3: 38  // Sum between (1, 2) and (3, 3)

Naive Algorithm:
We can loop all the queries and calculate each query in O (q*(N*M)) worst case which is too large for a large range of numbers.

// Pseudo code of Naive algorithm.
Arr[][] = input_matrix
For each query:
Input tli, tlj, rbi, rbj
sum = 0
for i from tli to tbi (inclusive):
for j  from tlj to rbj(inclusive):
sum += Arr[i][j]
print(sum)

Optimized Solution :
Summed Area Table can reduce this type of query into preprocessing time of O(M*N) and each query will execute in O(1).
Summed Area Table is a data structure and algorithm for quickly and efficiently generating the sum of values in a rectangular subset of a grid.
The value at any point (x, y) in the summed area table is just the sum of all the values above and to the left of (x, y), inclusive :

The optimized solution is implemented in below post.
Implementation of optimized approach

This article is contributed by Shubham Saxena. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
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