# Derivation (differential algebra)

In mathematics, a derivation is a function on an algebra that generalizes certain features of the derivative operator. Specifically, given an algebra A over a ring or a field K, a K-derivation is a K-linear map D : AA that satisfies Leibniz's law:

${\displaystyle D(ab)=aD(b)+D(a)b.}$

More generally, if M is an A-bimodule, a K-linear map D : AM that satisfies the Leibniz law is also called a derivation. The collection of all K-derivations of A to itself is denoted by DerK(A). The collection of K-derivations of A into an A-module M is denoted by DerK(A, M).

Derivations occur in many different contexts in diverse areas of mathematics. The partial derivative with respect to a variable is an R-derivation on the algebra of real-valued differentiable functions on Rn. The Lie derivative with respect to a vector field is an R-derivation on the algebra of differentiable functions on a differentiable manifold; more generally it is a derivation on the tensor algebra of a manifold. It follows that the adjoint representation of a Lie algebra is a derivation on that algebra. The Pincherle derivative is an example of a derivation in abstract algebra. If the algebra A is noncommutative, then the commutator with respect to an element of the algebra A defines a linear endomorphism of A to itself, which is a derivation over K. That is,

${\displaystyle [FG,N]=[F,N]G+F[G,N],}$

where ${\displaystyle [\cdot ,N]}$ is the commutator with respect to ${\displaystyle N}$. An algebra A equipped with a distinguished derivation d forms a differential algebra, and is itself a significant object of study in areas such as differential Galois theory.

## Properties

If A is a K-algebra, for K a ring, and D: AA is a K-derivation, then

• If A has a unit 1, then D(1) = D(12) = 2D(1), so that D(1) = 0. Thus by K-linearity, D(k) = 0 for all kK.
• If A is commutative, D(x2) = xD(x) + D(x)x = 2xD(x), and D(xn) = nxn−1D(x), by the Leibniz rule.
• More generally, for any x1, x2, …, xnA, it follows by induction that
${\displaystyle D(x_{1}x_{2}\cdots x_{n})=\sum _{i}x_{1}\cdots x_{i-1}D(x_{i})x_{i+1}\cdots x_{n}}$
which is ${\textstyle \sum _{i}D(x_{i})\prod _{j\neq i}x_{j}}$ if for all i, D(xi) commutes with ${\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{i-1}}$.
• For n > 1, Dn is not a derivation, instead satisfying a higher-order Leibniz rule:
${\displaystyle D^{n}(uv)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}\cdot D^{n-k}(u)\cdot D^{k}(v).}$
Moreover, if M is an A-bimodule, write
${\displaystyle \operatorname {Der} _{K}(A,M)}$
for the set of K-derivations from A to M.
${\displaystyle [D_{1},D_{2}]=D_{1}\circ D_{2}-D_{2}\circ D_{1}.}$
since it is readily verified that the commutator of two derivations is again a derivation.
• There is an A-module ΩA/K (called the Kähler differentials) with a K-derivation d: A → ΩA/K through which any derivation D: AM factors. That is, for any derivation D there is a A-module map φ with
${\displaystyle D:A{\stackrel {d}{\longrightarrow }}\Omega _{A/K}{\stackrel {\varphi }{\longrightarrow }}M}$
The correspondence ${\displaystyle D\leftrightarrow \varphi }$ is an isomorphism of A-modules:
${\displaystyle \operatorname {Der} _{K}(A,M)\simeq \operatorname {Hom} _{A}(\Omega _{A/K},M)}$
• If kK is a subring, then A inherits a k-algebra structure, so there is an inclusion
${\displaystyle \operatorname {Der} _{K}(A,M)\subset \operatorname {Der} _{k}(A,M),}$
since any K-derivation is a fortiori a k-derivation.

Given a graded algebra A and a homogeneous linear map D of grade |D| on A, D is a homogeneous derivation if

${\displaystyle {D(ab)=D(a)b+\varepsilon ^{|a||D|}aD(b)}}$

for every homogeneous element a and every element b of A for a commutator factor ε = ±1. A graded derivation is sum of homogeneous derivations with the same ε.

If ε = 1, this definition reduces to the usual case. If ε = −1, however, then

${\displaystyle {D(ab)=D(a)b+(-1)^{|a|}aD(b)}}$

for odd |D|, and D is called an anti-derivation.

Examples of anti-derivations include the exterior derivative and the interior product acting on differential forms.

Graded derivations of superalgebras (i.e. Z2-graded algebras) are often called superderivations.

Hasse–Schmidt derivations are K-algebra homomorphisms

${\displaystyle A\to A[[t]].}$

Composing further with the map which sends a formal power series ${\displaystyle \sum a_{n}t^{n}}$ to the coefficient ${\displaystyle a_{1}}$ gives a derivation.
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