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# Tennessee's GOP leads the fight to deny public education to children without documents

By Kimberlee Kruesi and Kristin M. Hall  
April 17th, 2025 04:33 AM

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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Damian Felipe Jimenez has many dreams about his future — he could be a restaurant owner, a scientist or maybe something else. As he works through sixth grade, he knows education will be critical in making his dreams a reality, but he's increasingly worried that option could soon disappear for some of his classmates.

Felipe Jimenez is one of hundreds of children who have packed the Tennessee Capitol this year to oppose legislation designed to upend the long-standing U.S. constitutional right to free public education for children, regardless of immigration status. It's a protection established by the landmark 1982 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Plyler v. Doe, which struck down a Texas law that sought to deny enrollment to any student not "legally admitted" into the country.

"I am the son of immigrant parents who have shown me to respect and value everyone," Felipe Jimenez told lawmakers earlier this year, speaking on behalf of the impact the bill would have on his peers. "Just like me and all the kids in this country, we have the right to dream and make those dreams come true. The right to an education should not be taken away from us because of our immigration status."

A growing number of conservative leaders are pushing states to overturn Plyler v. Doe — including the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. This year, Tennessee's Republican lawmakers appear the most willing to take up the cause by advancing legislation that directly contradicts the Supreme Court's decision and would spark a legal battle that supporters hope will not only go before the high court but also allow justices to reverse the ruling.

GOP-led states have introduced a plethora of anti-immigration bills following President Donald Trump's reelection and his subsequent moves to aggressively deport immigrants who have entered the U.S. illegally. But few have followed Tennessee's lead to focus on revoking public education from children, and none have made it out of committee.

## An uphill fight but a different Supreme Court

The Republican-controlled Tennessee Senate has approved a proposal requiring proof of legal residence to enroll in public K-12 public schools and allowing schools to either turn away students who fail to provide proper documentation or charge them tuition. The House version differs by letting public schools check immigration status, rather than requiring it.

The two versions will need to be reconciled before they can head to Republican Gov. Bill Lee's desk. If it passes, the legislation is all but certain to face a lawsuit.

The sponsors of the proposal have largely downplayed denying children the right to education, but instead have focused on the fiscal impact states are facing in educating children residing in the U.S. illegally.

"It's been argued that undocumented illegal aliens pay sales tax and property tax," said Republican Sen. Bo Watson, the backer of the bill in the Senate. "True. But one doesn't know if those payments come close to offsetting the additional costs. We argue they do not."

It's unknown how many undocumented children live in Tennessee, and it's unclear if the proposal would result in any savings. When Texas made similar economic arguments in the Plyler case, it was rejected by the court.

Lawmakers and other conservative supporters repeatedly point to the 5-4 vote that determined Plyler in 1982, stressing the narrow decision means there is wiggle room to overturn the precedent — particularly under the current Supreme Court that has been open to reversing legal precedent, including on the right to abortion.

"It doesn't take one too long to figure out that there's a strong appetite by the conservatives on the Supreme Court to overturn precedent," said Brett Geier, a professor of educational leadership at Western Michigan University. "And where does it come from? It starts with the states."

The first test against the Plyler decision came in 1994 in California. Voters there approved a proposition prohibiting immigrants in the country without legal authorization from receiving public health care, education or other social services. That law was overturned.

In 2011, the Plyler precedent was challenged again after Alabama lawmakers required schools to determine student immigration status. That statute was eventually blocked after a legal challenge resulted in a settlement.

"I don't see real debates about this. I see symbolic measures that are supported by some groups of Republican legislators," said Thomas Saenz, president of the law firm Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, which successfully defended the plaintiffs before the Supreme Court in the Plyler case.

"They do trot up same old arguments from the 1970s about the burden of the costs, etc., etc.," Saenz added. "They never balance that against the benefit of taxes being paid by these kids and their parents."

## For children, the fight turns personal

For months, as GOP lawmakers have defended the legislation, the tone of those who have shown up to fight against the bill has often turned emotional. Students have broken down in tears, distraught over their classmates being removed from their school and worries over who might be next.

As the Senate voted earlier this month, 12-year-old Silvestre Correa Del Canto stood outside in the crowded second floor of the Capitol with his mother, alarmed that the legislation could hurt children who don't make the decisions about where they live and could impact their lives for years.

His family brought him to Nashville when he was 3 from Santiago, Chile. He now attends a public middle school that was originally a segregated school for African Americans. He connected that legacy to the Tennessee legislation.

"I feel like we've worked a lot to be connected again, people with people and going to school together," Correa Del Canto, a sixth grader, said. "And I feel like that would be just going steps back, just going back in time and like losing all that we've worked for."

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Associated Press writer David Lieb contributed from Jefferson City, Missouri.