const modal5 =
`<section><div id="modal5">

<div class="modalIntro">
  <p>
  This intercept involves probation and parole programs and services. This includes connecting individuals to appropriate community-based services and resources.
  </p>
</div>


<div class="panel-group" id="accordioni5" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">


    <div class="panel panel-default">
        <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="headingOnei5">
            <h4 class="panel-title">
      <a role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseOnei5" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapseOnei5">
        Behavioral Therapies<span style="float: right;">&nbsp;&nbsp;<i class="fa fa-angle-double-down" style="font-weight: 900" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>
      </a>
    </h4>
        </div>
        <div id="collapseOnei5" class="panel-collapse collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="headingOnei5">
            <div class="panel-body">
                <!-- panel 1 start -->


                <h2 id="behavioral-therapies1"><strong>Behavioral Therapies<a target="_blank" href="#fni51" id="fnref1" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">1</a></strong></h2>

                <p><strong>Description:</strong> Behavioral therapies include those that reinforce and provide incentives for abstinence, enhancing life and coping skills surrounding situations and emotions that may trigger drug use, and help change attitudes and behaviors related to substance use. Some therapies focus more on the behavioral aspect of substance use; some focus more on the cognitive aspect of substance use. Others use both approaches, called cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a general classification of therapeutic techniques that focus on two aspects: </p>

                <ul>
                <li>The thought processes, attitudes, and values underlying antisocial behavior (cognitive).</li>
                <li>The observable behaviors (behavioral).</li>
                </ul>

                <p>Ultimately, CBT helps individuals understand how thoughts and feelings influence choices in behavior, in addition to providing behavioral alternatives. In order to help change antisocial behavior, such as substance use, CBT helps individuals identify and replace thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs that lead may to substance use.<a target="_blank" href="#fni52" id="fnref2" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">2</a>    Further, CBT helps individuals by teaching social and emotional skills, while also using positive and negative consequences to shape behavior. This helps provide tools for individuals to use when encountering situations that may lead to substance use or other antisocial behaviors.<a target="_blank" href="#fni53" id="fnref3" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">3</a>   CBT incorporates several distinct interventions that may be used alone or in combination, in an individual or group format. In particular, CBT incorporates some combination of</p>

                <ul>
                <li>cognitive restructuring;</li>
                <li>social skill building;</li>
                <li>emotional regulation skills;</li>
                <li>modeling and role-playing; </li>
                <li>homework assignments;</li>
                <li>motivational enhancement/interviewing techniques;</li>
                <li>contingency management principles;</li>
                <li>psychoeducation; and</li>
                <li>systematic training of alternative responses to triggers (high-risk situations).<a target="_blank" href="#fni54" id="fnref4" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">4</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Some treatment focuses more on cognitions (considered cognitive therapy), some more on behaviors (considered behavioral therapy), and some provide a balance of both (considered cognitive-behavioral therapy).<a target="_blank" href="#fni55" id="fnref5" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">5</a>   </p>

                <p>Behavioral and CBT-based treatment can take several forms in the community (but is not limited to):</p>

                <ul>
                <li>Individual, family, or group-based.</li>
                <li>Residential, inpatient treatment.</li>
                <li>Outpatient or intensive outpatient programs (IOP).</li>
                </ul>

                <p>In addition, it is also beneficial for treatment to be supplemented with other support services: <br>
                 - Educational and vocational training. <br>
                 - Self-help or peer recovery support services. <br>
                 - Mental health services. <a target="_blank" href="#fni56" id="fnref6" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">6</a> </p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Goals:</strong></p>

                <ul>
                <li>Develop and increase use of appropriate social and emotional skills.</li>
                <li>Understand how thinking leads to behavior.</li>
                <li>Target maladaptive thinking patterns.</li>
                <li>Improve moral and critical reasoning.</li>
                <li>Develop and use interpersonal skills.</li>
                <li>Manage or cope with risky situations that may lead to relapse.</li>
                <li>Increase self-control and impulse management. </li>
                <li>Increase public safety and community safety.</li>
                <li>Increase number of individuals in the workforce. </li>
                <li>Increase self-efficacy and self-control.<a target="_blank" href="#fni57" id="fnref7" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">7</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Eligibility:</strong>  Ideally, eligibility should be based on a validated clinical tool or validated risk/needs assessment conducted by trained professionals. Examples of assessments facilitated by trained clinicians include:</p>

                <ul>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tresearch.org/tools/download-asi-instruments-manuals/">Addiction Severity Index (ASI)</a>. </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/files/OpioidRiskTool.pdf">Opioid Risk Tool</a> (free).</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/files/DAST-10.pdf">DAST -10</a> (free).</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/nmassist/">NIDA’s Drug Screening Tool</a> (free).<a target="_blank" href="#fni58" id="fnref8" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">8</a> </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AssessingAlcohol/InstrumentPDFs/66_SASSI.pdf">Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory</a> (SASSI). </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://ibr.tcu.edu/forms/tcu-drug-screen/">Texas Christian University (TCU) Drug Screen II</a>.<a target="_blank" href="#fni59" id="fnref9" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">9</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <p>For professionals in the criminal justice system, a validated risk/needs assessment can help identify if substance use is a high need area for an individual, in which it may be appropriate to refer to a clinician for further assessment. Some of these validated risk/needs assessments include:</p>

                <ul>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=saf&amp;prod=lsi-rs&amp;id=overview">Level of Service Inventory-Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R:SV)</a>.</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=saf&amp;id=overview&amp;prod=lsi-r">Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)</a>.</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=saf&amp;id=overview&amp;prod=ls-cmi">Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LSCMI)</a>. </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://gaincc.org/instruments/">Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN)</a>.<a target="_blank" href="#fni510" id="fnref10" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">10</a>  </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.northpointeinc.com/files/downloads/Risk-Needs-Assessment.pdf">Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS)</a>. </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uc.edu/corrections/services/trainings/offender_assessment.html">Ohio Risk Assessment System (ORAS)</a> (non-propriety, but costs for training).<a target="_blank" href="#fni511" id="fnref11" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">11</a>     </li>
                </ul>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Program Examples:</strong> <br>
                The programs below have substantial and rigorous research identifying them as <strong><em>effective</em></strong> behavioral intervention programs. This is not a comprehensive list.</p>

                <p><strong><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-2/151-160.pdf">Relapse Prevention (RP)</a></strong> is a CBT-based program that specifically and systematically trains individuals to engage in alternate responses to high-risk situations related to substance use.<a target="_blank" href="#fni512" id="fnref12" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">12</a>   RP incorporates the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to reduce relapse through identification of “triggers”— individually specific high-risk situations that may precede or contribute to relapse.<a target="_blank" href="#fni513" id="fnref13" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">13</a>  Additional aspects of RP include</p>

                <ul>
                <li>enhancing self-efficacy;</li>
                <li>managing relapses;</li>
                <li>identifying and coping with high-risk situations;</li>
                <li>eliminating myths and placebo effects (countering misperceptions of use); and</li>
                <li>balancing and modifying lifestyle factors.<a target="_blank" href="#fni514" id="fnref14" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">14</a> </li>
                </ul>

                <p><strong><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-2/122-127.pdf">Contingency management (CM)</a></strong> is an incentive-based intervention with a behavioral focus that uses reinforcements to meet specific behavioral goals such as remaining clean and sober, providing negative urine screens, or completing treatment sessions.<a target="_blank" href="#fni515" id="fnref15" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">15</a>  Reinforcements shape or control behavior through consequences and non-drug-related reinforcers to help counter the reinforcing effects of drugs.<a target="_blank" href="#fni516" id="fnref16" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">16</a>  Two common types of CM programs:</p>

                <p>•   <em>Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy (VBRT)</em> which uses vouchers with differing monetary values each time an individual engages in specific positive behaviors that may be exchanged for goods or services.<a target="_blank" href="#fni517" id="fnref17" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">17</a> <br>
                •   <em>Price-Based (PB) contingency management</em> which uses a drawing for a prize when an individual engages in positive behavior, but not all drawings will result in a tangible prize.<a target="_blank" href="#fni518" id="fnref18" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">18</a>   </p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Research findings.</strong> CBT and behavioral therapies are effective types of treatment, that generally has a moderate effect on reducing</p>

                <ul>
                <li>substance use; </li>
                <li>substance abuse; and</li>
                <li>reoffending.<a target="_blank" href="#fni519" id="fnref19" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">19</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Further, research indicates that CBT and behavioral intervention programs can be more effective than</p>

                <ul>
                <li>abstinence-based approaches;</li>
                <li>standard case management;</li>
                <li>12-step counseling;<a target="_blank" href="#fni520" id="fnref20" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">20</a>   and</li>
                <li>behavioral therapies without CM.<a target="_blank" href="#fni521" id="fnref21" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">21</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <p>In a meta-analysis, CBT showed a 26 percent reduction in recidivism for CBT program participants compared to a control group.<a target="_blank" href="#fni522" id="fnref22" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">22</a>  Further, CBT-based programs are effective with a variety of individuals, including those with SUDs or substance abuse/misuse.<a target="_blank" href="#fni523" id="fnref23" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">23</a>  </p>

                <p>Behavioral (including CBT) programs or interventions produce the greatest effects when they adhere to the following principles:</p>

                <ul>
                <li>Target those at <em>higher-risk to recidivate</em> (moderate- and high-risk) based on a validated risk/needs assessment.</li>
                <li>Target <em>criminogenic risk factors</em> most highly associated with recidivism based on a validated risk/needs assessment.</li>
                <li>Are <em>responsive</em> to individual needs and barriers (i.e. language, mental health, intellectual or cognitive disabilities).</li>
                <li>Use <em>well-trained</em> professionals.</li>
                <li>Maintain <em>adherence to the program or practice components</em> (fidelity, or using a program or practice as it is meant to be delivered based on training).<a target="_blank" href="#fni524" id="fnref24" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">24</a> </li>
                </ul>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Other <em>Effective</em> and <em>Promising</em> Behavioral- and CBT-based Interventions</strong></p>

                <p><a target="_blank" href="http://nicic.gov/t4c">Thinking for a Change</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.moral-reconation-therapy.com/">Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.improvingmipractices.org/practices/motivational-enhancement-motivational-interviewing">Motivational Enhancement Therapy/Motivational Interviewing (MET/MI)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://mindbodybridging.com/applications/mbb-recovery-program/">Mind-Body Bridging Substance Abuse Program (MBBSAP)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral-0">Contingency Management programs (CM)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/trauma-interventions">Trauma-informed</a> substance use disorder treatment such as: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ptsdfreedom.org/about_target.html">TARGET</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.treatment-innovations.org/seeking-safety.html">Seeking Safety</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/trauma-interventions#Guide%20for%20Education%20and%20Therapy">TAMAR</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral-3">Matrix Model</a>  <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://mstservices.com/target-populations/substance-abuse">Multisystemic Therapy-Substance Abuse</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/behavioral-0">Voucher-Based Reinforcement (VBR) and Prize-Based (PB) CM</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ProgramProfile.aspx?id=116">Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA)/Assertive Continuing Care (ACC)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215582/">Behavioral Couples Therapy</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.aggressionreplacementtraining.com/">Aggression Replacement Training (ART)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://nicic.gov/wodp/program/215-cognitive-interventions-program-cgip">Cognitive Interventions Program</a>  <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cognitivecentre.ca/RRProgram">Reasoning and Rehabilitation</a></p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Read More</strong> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rsk-nd-rspnsvty/index-eng.aspx">Risk-Need-Responsivity Model for offender assessment and rehabilitation</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64141/">Treatment for offenders under community supervision</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851043/">Integrating substance abuse treatment and criminal justice supervision</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncchc.org/substance-use-disorder-treatment-position-statement">National Commission on Correctional Health Care</a></p>

                <p>For more information on validated and reliable substance use assessment tools and risk/need tools:</p>

                <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncsc.org/~/media/Files/PDF/Services%20and%20Experts/Areas%20of%20expertise/Sentencing%20Probation/RAN%20Appendix%20A.ashx">Center for Sentencing Initiatives Assessment Appendix</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44087.pdf">Risk and Needs Assessment in the Criminal Justice System</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://ibr.tcu.edu/forms/tcu-drug-screen/">TCU Institute of Behavioral Research</a></p>

                <hr>




                <!-- panel 1 stop -->
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="panel panel-default">
        <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="headingTwoi5">
            <h4 class="panel-title">
      <a class="collapsed" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseTwoi5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseTwo">
        Pharmacological Methods: Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)<span style="float: right;">&nbsp;&nbsp;<i class="fa fa-angle-double-down" style="font-weight: 900" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>
      </a>
    </h4>
        </div>
        <div id="collapseTwoi5" class="panel-collapse collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="headingTwoi5">
            <div class="panel-body">
                <!-- panel 2 start -->


                <h2 id="pharmacological-methods-medication-assisted-treatment-mat"><strong>Pharmacological Methods: Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)</strong></h2>

                <p><strong>Description:</strong>   <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment">Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) programs</a> incorporate the use of medicine to treat opioid or alcohol use disorders, in conjunction with behavioral therapies or counseling to treat individuals with SUDs.<a target="_blank" href="#fni525" id="fnref25" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">25</a>  With regard to opioids, the use of medication alone is called opioid replacement therapy (ORT), which alone, can also be effective to treat opioid use disorders (OUDs).<a target="_blank" href="#fni526" id="fnref26" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">26</a> MAT programs help with treatment retention and abstinence by decreasing withdrawal symptoms and cravings; increasing quality of life; reducing risk of HIV and hepatitis C; reducing risky behaviors associated with substance use; as well as decreasing risk for overdose.<a target="_blank" href="#fni527" id="fnref27" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">27</a>   MAT programs can be in the community (healthcare office, methadone maintenance clinic, primary care physicians’ office, certified opioid treatment programs (OTPs)) or <a target="_blank" href="http://nicic.gov/topics/5288-medication-assisted-treatment-mat-in-corrections">correctional settings</a>.<a target="_blank" href="#fni528" id="fnref28" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">28</a>  Each type of medication for MAT is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and is most effective when coupled with other counseling or therapy services for SUDs.<a target="_blank" href="#fni529" id="fnref29" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">29</a>  </p>

                <p><em><strong>Medications to treat Opioid Use Disorders</strong></em> <br>
                <strong><a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/buprenorphine">Buprenporphine</a></strong> offers a partial opioid agonist, producing similar, but lessened, effects of opiates. To increase the safety of buprenorphine and decrease the likelihood of diversion or misuse, naloxone—an opioid receptor blocker—is added to the medication.<a target="_blank" href="#fni530" id="fnref30" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">30</a>  Medications include </p>

                <ul>
                <li>Bunavail® (buccal film);</li>
                <li>Suboxone® (film);</li>
                <li>Zubsolv® (sublingual tablets);</li>
                <li>Subutex® (transmucosal); </li>
                <li>Buprenex® (intramuscular or intravenous);</li>
                <li>Butrans® (transdermal patch); and</li>
                <li>Probuphine® (implant).<a target="_blank" href="#fni531" id="fnref31" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">31</a>   </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Medication is prescribed and administered by a physician trained by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and given a special license and waiver by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The medication can be administered in an office, hospital, health department, or correctional facility.<a target="_blank" href="#fni532" id="fnref32" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">32</a>  Physicians can prescribe only to a limited number of patients—275—per the Federal Registrar, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under section 303(g)(2) of the Controlled Substances Act (CSS).<a target="_blank" href="#fni533" id="fnref33" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">33</a>  </p>

                <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/methadone"><strong>Methadone</strong></a> uses a synthetic opioid agonist taken in pill, liquid, or water form once a day. An opioid agonist tricks the brain and body as if it were taking opiates, without adverse side effects in order to reduce physiological cravings and withdrawal symptoms.  First administered and monitored by a physician, it then can be obtained through an <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/opioid-treatment-programs">opioid treatment program (OTP)</a> certified by the SAMHSA.<a target="_blank" href="#fni534" id="fnref34" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">34</a>  Methadone can be addictive, so it must be taken as prescribed to prevent adverse effects.<a target="_blank" href="#fni535" id="fnref35" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">35</a> </p>

                <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/naltrexone"><strong>Naltrexone</strong></a> is an opioid antagonist, blocking receptors in the brain from responding to opioids (or alcohol) and comes in pill (ReVia®, Depade®) or extended-release injectable (Vivitrol®) forms.<a target="_blank" href="#fni536" id="fnref36" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">36</a>  Any healthcare professional that is licensed to prescribe medications can prescribe naltrexone, without additional training.<a target="_blank" href="#fni537" id="fnref37" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">37</a> </p>



                <h5 id="however-research-on-the-use-of-naltrexone-for-ouds-is-the-very-limited-particularly-regarding-rigorous-generalizable-long-term-evaluations-and-a-large-issue-with-medication-noncompliance-and-high-client-dropout-rates38-there-is-not-sufficient-evidence-to-consider-this-an-evidence-based-practice-and-more-research-comparing-naltrexone-to-methadone-and-buprenorphine-as-well-as-long-term-outcome-evaluations-are-needed"><em>However, research on the use of naltrexone for OUDs is limited, particularly regarding more generalizable, long-term evaluations; there are some issues with medication compliance and low client retention. </em><a target="_blank" href="#fni538" id="fnref38" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">38</a> <em>Though potentially promising, more research is needed in this area.</em></h5>

                <p><strong><em>Medications to treat Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs)</em></strong> <br>
                In addition <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/naltrexone">Naltrexone</a> can be used for AUDs, as it mediates or blocks the opioid activity within the brain related to alcohol use (see description above in OUDs).</p>

                <p><strong><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64036/">Disulfiram</a></strong> is an alcohol abuse deterrent prescription medication taken daily in tablet form (Antabuse). When combined with alcohol, it causes severe physical reactions (i.e. heart palpitations, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, flushing). It is only effective if the individual is compliant with taking the medication.<a target="_blank" href="#fni539" id="fnref39" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">39</a>

                </p><p><strong><a target="_blank" href="https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/MS974/MS974.pdf">Acamprosate</a></strong> is a prescription drug taken orally (Campral®) that helps reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms by normalizing alcohol-related neurochemical changes in the brain.<a target="_blank" href="#fni540" id="fnref40" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">40</a>  It targets neurochemical systems that may be biological factors of alcohol dependence.<a target="_blank" href="#fni541" id="fnref41" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">41</a>  </p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Goals:</strong></p>

                <ul>
                <li>Reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms related to substance use.</li>
                <li>Reduce risk for overdose.</li>
                <li>Reduce substance use and relapse. </li>
                <li>Increase treatment retention.</li>
                <li>Decrease illegal activity.</li>
                <li>Increase positive outcomes related to health (HIV, Hepatitis C).</li>
                <li>Increase abstinence rates.<a target="_blank" href="#fni542" id="fnref42" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">42</a> </li>
                <li>Improve patient survival.<a target="_blank" href="#fni543" id="fnref43" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">43</a> </li>
                </ul>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Eligibility:</strong> Individuals with opioid or alcohol use disorders may be eligible for MAT programs. Individuals should be assessed with a clinical and validated substance abuse tool that includes assessment of medical, psychiatric, and substance use history; an evaluation of family and psychosocial supports; assessment of the state’s prescription drug monitoring program for detection of unreported use of other medications; a physical exam, and testing for recent opioid use and/or other drugs.<a target="_blank" href="#fni544" id="fnref44" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">44</a>  Some examples of assessments using self-report answers facilitated by trained clinicians include:</p>

                <ul>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tresearch.org/tools/download-asi-instruments-manuals/">Addiction Severity Index (ASI)</a>. </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/files/OpioidRiskTool.pdf">Opioid Risk Tool</a> (free).</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/files/DAST-10.pdf">DAST -10</a> (free).</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/nmassist/">NIDA’s Drug Screening Tool</a> (free).<a target="_blank" href="#fni545" id="fnref45" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">45</a> </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AssessingAlcohol/InstrumentPDFs/66_SASSI.pdf">Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory</a> (SASSI). </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="https://ibr.tcu.edu/forms/tcu-drug-screen/">Texas Christian University (TCU) Drug Screen II</a>.<a target="_blank" href="#fni546" id="fnref46" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">46</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <p>For professionals in the criminal justice system, a validated risk/needs assessment can help identify if substance use is a high need area for an individual, in which it may be appropriate to refer to a clinician for further assessment. Some of these validated risk/needs assessments include:</p>

                <ul>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=saf&amp;prod=lsi-rs&amp;id=overview">Level of Service Inventory-Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R:SV)</a>.</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=saf&amp;id=overview&amp;prod=lsi-r">Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)</a>.</li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=saf&amp;id=overview&amp;prod=ls-cmi">Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LSCMI)</a>. </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://gaincc.org/instruments/">Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN)</a>.<a target="_blank" href="#fni547" id="fnref47" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">47</a>  </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.northpointeinc.com/files/downloads/Risk-Needs-Assessment.pdf">Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS)</a>. </li>
                <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uc.edu/corrections/services/trainings/offender_assessment.html">Ohio Risk Assessment System (ORAS)</a> (non-propriety, but costs for training).<a target="_blank" href="#fni548" id="fnref48" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">48</a>     </li>
                </ul>

                <p>In a medical setting, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/mat/RAND_MAT_guidebook_for_health_centers.pdf">physicians can ask patients</a> about compulsive drug or alcohol use or loss of control over drinking or drug use during the past year.<a target="_blank" href="#fni549" id="fnref49" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">49</a>  It is also important to consider insurance coverage related to MAT programs (specifically, for the medications) for funding purposes, or other outside funding sources including low-cost drug programs, to help supplement those who may not be covered. </p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Research on medications to treat OUDs</strong></p>

                <p>Methadone can</p>

                <ul>
                <li>decrease heroin and other opioid use; </li>
                <li>decrease use of injection;</li>
                <li>decrease in crime/criminal behavior;  </li>
                <li>improve social functioning and physical symptoms;<a target="_blank" href="#fni550" id="fnref50" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">50</a>  and</li>
                <li>improve maternal and fetal outcomes for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.<a target="_blank" href="#fni551" id="fnref51" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">51</a></li>
                </ul>

                <p>Buprenorphine can</p>

                <ul>
                <li>significantly decrease in opioid use;</li>
                <li>increase in overall well-being and social functioning;</li>
                <li>reduce potential to contract HIV or hepatitis B or C;</li>
                <li>decrease mortality;<a target="_blank" href="#fni552" id="fnref52" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">52</a> and </li>
                <li>decrease cravings and withdrawal symptoms.<a target="_blank" href="#fni553" id="fnref53" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">53</a>  </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Naltrexone (extended-release injectable) for OUDs can</p>

                <ul>
                <li>increase abstinence, and</li>
                <li>increase retention in treatment.<a target="_blank" href="#fni554" id="fnref54" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">54</a>  </li>
                </ul>



                <h5 id="results-on-use-of-naltrexone-for-ouds-are-generally-only-available-for-short-term-use-there-tends-to-be-significant-dropout-and-low-retention-rates-among-individuals-who-use-extended-release-naltrexone-for-ouds-making-it-difficult-for-substantial-and-meaningful-study-outcome-interpretation"><em>Results on use of naltrexone for OUDs are generally only available for short-term use. There tends to be significant dropout and low retention rates among individuals who use extended-release naltrexone for OUDs, making it difficult for substantial and meaningful study outcome interpretation.</em></h5>

                <p><strong>Research on medications to treat AUDs</strong></p>

                <p>Naltrexone for alcohol can</p>

                <ul>
                <li>reduce drinking;</li>
                <li>reduce rewarding effects of alcohol; and </li>
                <li>increase days abstinent.<a target="_blank" href="#fni555" id="fnref55" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">55</a> </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Disulfiram (Antabuse) can</p>

                <ul>
                <li>be more effective than a placebo for sobriety;<a target="_blank" href="#fni556" id="fnref56" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">56</a>  </li>
                <li>have a moderate effect on short-term abstinence;<a target="_blank" href="#fni557" id="fnref57" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">57</a>  </li>
                <li>be most effective with those who are already motivated to stop drinking;<a target="_blank" href="#fni558" id="fnref58" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">58</a>  and</li>
                <li>be most effective with close monitoring for better outcomes.<a target="_blank" href="#fni559" id="fnref59" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">59</a> </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Acomprosate can</p>

                <ul>
                <li>decrease withdrawal symptoms; and</li>
                <li>increase abstinence for those already motivated.<a target="_blank" href="#fni560" id="fnref60" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">60</a> </li>
                </ul>

                <p>Research also suggests the importance of MAT programs within correctional institutions for those transitioning from jail or prison into the community—as it can help</p>

                <p>•   reduce recidivism; <br>
                •   increase offender engagement and retention in treatment; and <br>
                •   reduce risk for relapse and/or overdose.<a target="_blank" href="#fni561" id="fnref61" title="See footnote" class="webui-popover-trigger">61</a>  </p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Examples in the field:</strong> Visit a local health care professional for information on naltrexone, buprenorphine, and methadone maintenance. See the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/physician-program-data/treatment-physician-locator">buprenorphine treatment physician locator</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://dpt2.samhsa.gov/treatment/directory.aspx">Opioid Treatment Program Directory-Illinois</a>.</p>

                <hr>

                <p><strong>Read More</strong> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment">SAMHSA MAT</a>  <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/opioid/Comprehensive-Opioid-Medication-Assisted-Treatment-Program-resource-guide.pdf">MAT comprehensive guide</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/recovery/medication_assisted_treatment_9-21-20121.pdf">Office of National Drug Control Policy MAT Healthcare Briefing</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncchc.org/substance-use-disorder-treatment-position-statement">National Commission on Correctional Health Care</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=170">Program profile: Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=158">Program profile: Methadone Maintenance Treatment</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://dpt2.samhsa.gov/treatment/directory.aspx">Opioid Treatment Program Directory-Illinois</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/">SAMHSA Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/physician-program-data/treatment-physician-locator">buprenorphine treatment physician locator</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/buprenorphine">Buprenorphine Information</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/methadone">Methadone Information</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/about">SAMHSA Division of Pharmacologic Therapies (DPT)</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Rights-for-Individuals-on-Medication-Assisted-Treatment/SMA09-4449">SAMHSA: Rights for Individuals on Medication-Assisted Treatment</a></p>

                <p>For more information on validated and reliable substance use assessment tools and risk/need tools:</p>

                <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncsc.org/~/media/Files/PDF/Services%20and%20Experts/Areas%20of%20expertise/Sentencing%20Probation/RAN%20Appendix%20A.ashx">Center for Sentencing Initiatives Assessment Appendix</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44087.pdf">Risk and Needs Assessment in the Criminal Justice System</a> <br>
                <a target="_blank" href="https://ibr.tcu.edu/forms/tcu-drug-screen/">TCU Institute of Behavioral Research</a></p>



                <!-- panel 2 stop -->
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="panel panel-default">
        <div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="headingThreei5">
            <h4 class="panel-title">
      <a class="collapsed" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseThreei5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseThree">
        References<span style="float: right;">&nbsp;&nbsp;<i class="fa fa-angle-double-down" style="font-weight: 900" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>
      </a>
    </h4>
        </div>
        <div id="collapseThreei5" class="panel-collapse collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="headingThreei5">
            <div class="panel-body">
                <!-- panel 3 start -->


                <div class="footnotes"><ol><li id="fni51">While this list provides examples of evidence-informed behavioral therapies, it is not all encompassing. For information on other evidence-informed cognitive- and/or behavioral-based programs, use the national resources under additional resources at the bottom of this continuum. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref1" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni52">Van Voorhis, P., &amp; Salisbury, E. J . (2009). Social learning models. In M. B. In P. Van Voorhis, &amp; D. Lester (Ed.), <em>Correctional counseling and rehabilitation.</em> (7th ed.). New Providence, NJ.: Matthew Bender &amp; Company, Inc., of LesixNexis Group.; Van Voorhis, P., &amp; Lester, D. (2009). Cognitive therapies. In M. B. In P. Van Voorhis, &amp; D. Lester (Ed.), <em>Correctional counseling and rehabilitation.</em> (7th ed.). New Providence, NJ.: Matthew Bender &amp; Company, Inc., of LesixNexis Group. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref2" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni53">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref3" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni54">McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., &amp; Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. <em>Psychiatric Clinics of North America</em>, <em>33</em>(3), 511-525.; National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Bethesda, MD: HHS.; Van Voorhis, P., &amp; Salisbury, E. J . (2009). Social learning models. In M. B. In P. Van Voorhis, &amp; D. Lester (Ed.), <em>Correctional counseling and rehabilitation.</em> (7th ed.). New Providence, NJ.: Matthew Bender &amp; Company, Inc., of LesixNexis Group.; Van Voorhis, P., &amp; Lester, D. (2009). Cognitive therapies. In M. B. In P. Van Voorhis, &amp; D. Lester (Ed.), <em>Correctional counseling and rehabilitation.</em> (7th ed.). New Providence, NJ.: Matthew Bender &amp; Company, Inc., of LesixNexis Group. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref4" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni55">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Washington, DC: HHS. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref5" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni56">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). <em>Behavioral health treatments and services</em>. Rockville, MD: Author, Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2lsDGyc">http://bit.ly/2lsDGyc</a>.; Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M. L., &amp; Caudy, M. (2013). The plight of providing appropriate substance abuse treatment services to offenders: Modeling the gaps in service delivery. <em>Victims &amp; Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice</em>, 8(1), 70-93.  <a target="_blank" href="#fnref6" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni57">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref7" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni58">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). <em>Chart of evidence-based screening tools for adults and adolescents.</em> Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/1MR43oA">http://bit.ly/1MR43oA</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref8" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni59">Texas Christian University. (2016). <em>TCU drug screen.</em> Fort Worth, TX: TCU Institute of Behavioral Research. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2qwj5jm">http://bit.ly/2qwj5jm</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref9" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni510">Northpointe Institute for Public Management, Inc. (2010, January 14). <em>COMPAS risk &amp; need assessment system: Selected questions posed by inquiring agencies.</em> Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2nT8LPy">http://bit.ly/2nT8LPy</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref10" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni511">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). <em>Chart of evidence-based screening tools for adults and adolescents.</em> Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/1MR43oA">http://bit.ly/1MR43oA</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref11" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni512">Dowden, C., Antonowicz, D., &amp; Andrews, D. A. (2003). The effectiveness of relapse prevention with offenders: A meta-analysis. <em>International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47</em>(5), 516-528.; Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta- analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>(11), 1546-1560.; Chandler, R. K., Fletcher, B. W., &amp; Volkow, N. D. (2009). Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety. <em>JAMA</em>, 301(2), 183-190. Gendreau, P. 1996. “The principles of effective intervention with offenders.” Pp. 117-130 in A. T. Harland (ed.), <em>Choosing correctional interventions that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref12" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni513">Larimer, M. E., Palmer, R. S., &amp; Marlatt, G. A. (1999). Relapse prevention: An overview of Marlatt’s cognitive-behavioral model. <em>Alcohol Research &amp; Health</em>, 23(2), 151-160. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref13" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni514">Larimer, M. E., Palmer, R. S., &amp; Marlatt, G. A. (1999). Relapse prevention: An overview of Marlatt’s cognitive-behavioral model. <em>Alcohol Research &amp; Health</em>, 23(2), 151-160. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref14" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni515">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref15" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni516">Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta- analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>(11), 1546-1560. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref16" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni517">Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta- analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>(11), 1546-1560.; Benishek, L. A., Dugosh, K. L., Kirby, K. C., Matejkowski, J., Clements, N. T., Seymour, B. L., &amp; Festinger, D. S. (2014). Prize-based contingency management for the treatment of substance abusers: A meta-analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>, 1426-1436. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref17" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni518">Benishek, L. A., Dugosh, K. L., Kirby, K. C., Matejkowski, J., Clements, N. T., Seymour, B. L., &amp; Festinger, D. S. (2014). Prize-based contingency management for the treatment of substance abusers: A meta-analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>, 1426-1436.; Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta- analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>(11), 1546-1560. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref18" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni519">Bahr, S. J., Masters, A. M., &amp; Taylor, B. M. (2012). What works in substance abuse treatment programs for offenders?. T*he Prison Journal*, 92, 155-174.  <a target="_blank" href="#fnref19" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni520">Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta- analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>(11), 1546-1560. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref20" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni521">Higgins, S. T., &amp; Petry, N.M. (1999). Contingency management. <em>Alcohol, Research, &amp; Health</em>, 23(2), 122-127. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref21" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni522">Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: A meta-analytic overview. <em>Victims and Offenders,</em> 4, 124-147. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref22" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni523">Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., &amp; Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta- analysis. <em>Addiction, 101</em>(11), 1546-1560.; Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M. L., &amp; Caudy, M. (2013). The plight of providing appropriate substance abuse treatment services to offenders: Modeling the gaps in service delivery. <em>Victims &amp; Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice</em>, 8(1), 70-93.; Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M. L., Harrison, L. D. (2007). Drug treatment services for adult offenders: The state of the state. J*ournal of Substance Abuse Treatment*, 32(3), 239-254. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref23" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni524">Lipsey, M.W. (1999). Can intervention rehabilitate serious delinquents? <em>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,</em> 564 (April), 142-166.; Cullen, F. T., &amp; Gendreau, P. (2000) Assessing correctional rehabilitation: <em>Policy, practice, and prospects. Criminal Justice, 3</em>(1), 299-370.; Andrews, D. A, &amp; Bonta, J. (2012). <em>The psychology of criminal conduct</em> (5th ed.). New York, NY. Routledge.; Bahr, S. J., Masters, A. M., &amp; Taylor, B. M. (2012). What works in substance abuse treatment programs for offenders?. <em>The Prison Journal</em>, 92, 155-174.  <a target="_blank" href="#fnref24" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni525">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <em>Methadone.</em> Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/22f5VQC">http://bit.ly/22f5VQC</a>.; National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref25" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni526">National Institute of Corrections. (2016). <em>Medication assisted treatment (MAT) in corrections</em>. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.  Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2sj0NhU">http://bit.ly/2sj0NhU</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref26" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni527">National Institute of Corrections. (2016). <em>Medication assisted treatment (MAT) in corrections</em>. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2sj0NhU">http://bit.ly/2sj0NhU</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref27" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni528">National Institute of Corrections. (2016). <em>Medication assisted treatment (MAT) in corrections</em>. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2sj0NhU">http://bit.ly/2sj0NhU</a>.; Krook, A. L., Brørs, O., Dahlberg, J., Grouff, K., Magnus, P., Røysamb, E. &amp; Waal, H. (2002). A placebo-controlled study of high dose buprenorphine in opiate dependents waiting for medication-assisted rehabilitation in Oslo, Norway. <em>Addiction, 97</em>, 533–542.;  Fudala, P. J., Bridge, T. P., Herbert, S., Williford, W. O., Chiang, C. N., Jones, K., .Donald, T., &amp; Buprenorphine/Naloxone Collaborative Study Group. (2003). Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. <em>The New England Journal of Medicine, 349</em>(10), 949-958.  <a target="_blank" href="#fnref28" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni529">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). <em>Buprenorphine.</em> Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/1PC4cg7">http://bit.ly/1PC4cg7</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref29" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni530">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Washington, DC: HHS. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref30" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni531">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). <em>Buprenorphine.</em> Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/1PC4cg7">http://bit.ly/1PC4cg7</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref31" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni532">21 U.S.C. 823(g)(2)Under the Controlled Substances Act, amended by the Drug Addiction and Treatment Act of 2000. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref32" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni533">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Washington, DC: HHS. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref33" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni534">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <em>Methadone.</em> Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/22f5VQC">http://bit.ly/22f5VQC</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref34" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni535">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <em>Methadone.</em> Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/22f5VQC">http://bit.ly/22f5VQC</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref35" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni536">Helm, S., Trescot, A. M., Colson, J., Sehgal, N., &amp; Silverman, S. (2008). Opioid antagonists, partial agonists, and agonists/antagonists: The role of office-based detoxification. <em>Pain Physician</em>, 11(2), 225-235.; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). <em>Naltrexone</em>. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2bJWeIc">http://bit.ly/2bJWeIc</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref36" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni537">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). <em>Naltrexone</em>. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2bJWeIc">http://bit.ly/2bJWeIc</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref37" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni538">Maryland Department of Corrections for Baltimore area prison inmates (four prisons in Baltimore city and Baltimore county) conducted by Michael S. Gordon and colleagues. See Gordon, M. S., Vocci, F. J., Fitzgerald, T. T., O’Grady, K. E., &amp; O’Brien, C. P. (2017). Extended-release naltrexone for pre-release prisoners: A randomized trial of medical mobile treatment. <em>Contemporary Clinical Trials</em>, 53, 130-136. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref38" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni539">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Washington, DC: HHS.; National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref39" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni540">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Washington, DC: HHS. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref40" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni541">Mason, B. J., &amp; Heyser, C. J. (2010). Acamprosate: A prototypic neuromodulator in the treatment of alcohol dependence. <em>CNS &amp; Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets,</em> 9(1), 23-32. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref41" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni542">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). <em>Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health.</em> Washington, DC: HHS.; National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). <em>Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide</em> (3rd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s">http://bit.ly/2r7MW0s</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref42" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni543">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <em>Medication and counseling treatment</em>. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2rSblIm">http://bit.ly/2rSblIm</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref43" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni544">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). <em>Pocket guide: Medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder.</em> Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2rRHgIZ">http://bit.ly/2rRHgIZ</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref44" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni545">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). <em>Chart of evidence-based screening tools for adults and adolescents.</em> Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/1MR43oA">http://bit.ly/1MR43oA</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref45" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni546">Texas Christian University. (2016). <em>TCU drug screen.</em> Fort Worth, TX: TCU Institute of Behavioral Research. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2qwj5jm">http://bit.ly/2qwj5jm</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref46" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni547">Northpointe Institute for Public Management, Inc. (2010, January 14). <em>COMPAS risk &amp; need assessment system: Selected questions posed by inquiring agencies.</em> Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/2nT8LPy">http://bit.ly/2nT8LPy</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref47" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni548">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). <em>Chart of evidence-based screening tools for adults and adolescents.</em> Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href="http://bit.ly/1MR43oA">http://bit.ly/1MR43oA</a>. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref48" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni549">Heinzerling, K. G., Ober, A. J., Lamp, K., De Vries, D., &amp; Watkins, K. E. (2016). S*ummit: Procedures for Medication-Assisted Treatment of alcohol or opioid dependence in primary care.* RAND Corporation. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref49" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni550">Teoh Bing Fei, J., Yee, A., Habil, M. H. B., &amp; Danaee, M. (2016). Effectiveness of methadone maintenance therapy and improvement in quality of life following a decade of implementation. <em>Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,</em> 69, 50-56. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref50" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni551">Mattick, R. P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., &amp; Davoli, M. (2009). Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. <em>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</em>, 8(3), CD002209. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref51" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni552">Krook, A. L., Brørs, O., Dahlberg, J., Grouff, K., Magnus, P., Røysamb, E., &amp; Waal, H. (2002). A placebo-controlled study of high dose buprenorphine in opiate dependents waiting for medication-assisted rehabilitation in Oslo, Norway. <em>Addiction, 97</em>(5), 533–542.;  Fudala, P. J., Bridge, T. P., Herbert, S., Williford, W. O., Chiang, C. N., Jones, K., .Donald, T., &amp; Buprenorphine/Naloxone Collaborative Study Group. (2003). Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. <em>The New England Journal of Medicine, 349</em>(10), 949-958. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref52" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni553">Douaihy, A. B., Kelly, T. M., &amp; Sullivan, C. (2013). Medications for substance use disorders. <em>Social Work and Public Health</em>, 28(0), 264-278. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref53" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni554">Krupitsky, E. (2011). S.1.02 naltrexone for opiate dependence: Oral, implantable, and injectable. <em>European Neuropsychopharmacology</em>, 21(2), S104-S105.; Gastfriend, D. R. (2011). Intramuscular extended-release naltrexone: Current evidence. <em>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</em>, 1216(1), 144-166.; Syed, Y. Y., &amp; Keating, G. M. (2013). Extended-release intramuscular naltrexone (VIVITROL®): A review of its use in the prevention of relapse to opioid dependence in detoxified patients. <em>CNS Drugs, 27</em>(10), 851-861.  <a target="_blank" href="#fnref54" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni555">Douaihy, A. B., Kelly, T. M., &amp; Sullivan, C. (2013). Medications for substance use disorders. <em>Social Work and Public Health</em>, 28(0), 264-278. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref55" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni556">Jorgensen, C. H., Pedersen, B., &amp; Tonnesen, H. (2011). The efficacy of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. <em>Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35</em>(10), 1749-1758. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref56" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni557">O’Farrell, T. J., Allen, J. P., &amp; Litten, R. Z. (1995). Disulfiram (Antabuse) contracts in treatment of alcoholism. N*IDA Research Monograph,* 150, 65-91.; Douaihy, A. B., Kelly, T. M., &amp; Sullivan, C. (2013). Medications for substance use disorders. <em>Social Work and Public Health</em>, 28(0), 264-278. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref57" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni558">Jorgensen, C. H., Pedersen, B., &amp; Tonnesen, H. (2011). The efficacy of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. <em>Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35</em>(10), 1749-1758.; Douaihy, A. B., Kelly, T. M., &amp; Sullivan, C. (2013). Medications for substance use disorders. <em>Social Work and Public Health</em>, 28(0), 264-278. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref58" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni559">O’Farrell, T. J., Allen, J. P., &amp; Litten, R. Z. (1995). Disulfiram (Antabuse) contracts in treatment of alcoholism. <em>NIDA Research Monograph</em>, 150, 65-91.; Douaihy, A. B., Kelly, T. M., &amp; Sullivan, C. (2013). Medications for substance use disorders. <em>Social Work and Public Health</em>, 28(0), 264-278. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref59" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni560">Douaihy, A. B., Kelly, T. M., &amp; Sullivan, C. (2013). Medications for substance use disorders. <em>Social Work and Public Health</em>, 28(0), 264-278. <a target="_blank" href="#fnref60" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li><li id="fni561">Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M. L., &amp; Caudy, M. (2013). The plight of providing appropriate substance abuse treatment services to offenders: Modeling the gaps in service delivery. Victims &amp; Offenders: <em>An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice</em>, 8(1), 70-93.  <a target="_blank" href="#fnref61" title="Return to article" class="reversefootnote"></a></li></ol></div>



                <!-- panel 3 stop -->
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>



</div>
















</div>
</section>


`

export {modal5}
