 AJC  Vol.4 No.4 , December 2016
Electronic versus Print Journals in Academic Libraries in Abu Dhabi: Preference & Problems
ABSTRACT
With the invasion of information communication technology and shortages in library budgets, there is a growing need to continuously evaluate library resources and know what library patrons prefer. This study examines electronic versus print journal preferences and problems in academic libraries in Abu Dhabi. The survey research method was used to do this study, and a questionnaire was distributed to three graduate educational institutions in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

ICT has affected all areas of life and its use is common in libraries. In order to provide better services to patrons, consequently, most libraries have transformed into virtual libraries, which increases the global dissemination of knowledge. Juma, Wamukoya, & Wekullo (2014) said that digital libraries had a huge potential towards offsetting the knowledge deficit in many parts of the world and Africa in particular. Their study investigated the level to which they had helped to reduce disparities in access to knowledge and promote the quality of education and research in Africa.

During the last year of undergraduate study and at the graduate level, journal articles become more understandable, more essential and more important; it is considered to be the most important source of information. In his study, Mazur (2008) found that learning journals were a viable instructional strategy for many, but not all adult learners enrolled in OL degree programs. Journaling can deepen and broaden students’ understanding of leadership by internalizing and integrating learning as well as providing a study tool. Learning journals generate greater self-awareness in many students through increased self-knowledge and recognition of personal strengths, feelings, and emotions. Learning journals contributed to personal and leadership growth and some found them an effective problem solving tool. Journaling encouraged students to apply learning through changed thinking and behavior.

Tenopir (2002) mentioned that in the 2002 issue of Ulrich’s list of worldwide serials, there were approximately 16,000 scholarly peer-reviewed journals listed, and over 12,000 of those were available in the electronic form. According to an email from ProQuest client service specialist in the UAE (Sayed Magdy, email, 7 July 2015) in 2015, the numbers of peer-reviewed journals in Ulrich’s were as follows:

“Print and online” journals: 32,805,

“Print only” journals: 20,842,

“Electronic only” journals: 11,963.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Objectives of the Study

In the process of choosing the best journal format, libraries should identify the evaluation criteria that control the process. In fact the researchers believe usage specifications are one of the most important criteria in evaluating the library journals, so the objectives of this study are the following:

1) Determining which journal format that faculty members and graduate students in Abu Dhabi academic libraries prefer to use for their studies and research.

2) Finding the problems of electronic and print journal usage.

1.4. Significance of the Study

1.5. Scope of the Study

Scope of this study is as follows:

- Area: Abu Dhabi Emirate.

- Population: Faculty and graduate students in academic institutions in Abu Dhabi.

- Period: Year 2015

1.6. Definitions of Terms

Here are some definitions of some expressions which will be used in this research:

Electronic Journal: A scholarly journal that can be accessed via electronic transmission and has the purpose of providing material for academic research and study. Some electronic journals are online-only journals; others are online versions of printed journals.

Print Journal: The paper version of journal; print journal issues are the ones that we usually checked in through library integrated systems.

Library Patrons: In this paper we mean faculty members and graduate students in Abu Dhabi academic institutions.

2. Literature Review

After reviewing the literature of this subject, the researchers would like to discuss the related studies according to the following five headings.

2.1. From Print to Electronic

Angrosh (2005) mentioned that the new technologies have largely aided in designing value-added library services. The emerging digital libraries are redefining the way by which user demands are being fulfilled. Among other resources, electronic journals occupy a prominent place in digital libraries, by providing access to online full-text information.

Fortini (2007) mentioned in his paper that academic libraries are increasing the number of electronic journals in their collections. While patrons enjoy access to articles with the click of a button, librarians face the complex process of implementing and maintaining the subscriptions.

Tobia & Hunnicutt (2008) said that electronic journals have become the preferred method for accessing the journal literature. The next logical step is for librarians to carefully evaluate traditional staff activities still focused on the maintenance of shrinking print journal collections.

In his study, McClamroch (2011) examined the factors considered by college and university libraries in Indiana when making the decision to cancel subscriptions to print journals when an electronic equivalent is available. The results show that consortium members use subscription cost, redundancy of formats, student preference, budget reduction and usage as the primary factors in cancelling print journal subscriptions in favor of their electronic counterparts. There is also a preference for the electronic format for new subscriptions even when a print version is also available.

Kumar & Gupta (2013) mentioned that users are either preferring e-journals or are uncertain about them. Print journals still find wide applicability and this transition will take time to settle down.

McMullen (2014) said that the conversion of a print journal subscription to electronic access resulted in a substantial decrease in cost per use despite an increase in overall subscription cost.

2.2. Importance of Usage/Citation Statistics

Cooper (2007) explained that tracking the usage of print and electronic journals will help librarians understand the complexities of use studies. He examined qualitative and quantitative studies by academic librarians to compare the usage of electronic versus print journals, and the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the methods used. New initiatives, such as Project COUNTER (Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources), seek to provide librarians with comparable usage data from various vendors enable librarians to make more informed journal collection development decisions.

In their paper, Schloegl & Gorraiz (2011) followed the transition from print journals to electronic (hybrid) journals in the preceding decade. Usage metrics became an interesting complement to citation metrics. In this article they investigate the similarities and differences between usage and citation indicators for pharmacy and pharmacology journals. They concluded that electronic journals have become generally accepted. While the supply of Science Direct pharma journals rose by 50% between 2001 and 2006, the total number of article downloads multiplied more than 5-fold in the same period.

2.3. Effect on Educational Process

Aggarwal & Bhalla (2012) mentioned that technology has influenced all the spheres of life and the field of education is not an exception. Technology has manifold advantages namely, convenience, cost effectiveness, and round the clock availability. Due to these advantages, electronic information resources are pointing towards an appealing future. The field of education has also undergone this transition. But there is an urgent need to study this transition because teacher educators are entrusted with the important responsibility of producing teachers deal effectively with the rapid advancement of technology in education.

In the findings of their paper, Stoop, Kreutzer & Kircz (2013) showed that print-on- paper is still a superior medium for learning and digesting complicated and elaborate texts, while electronic screens are appreciated for quick information gathering, communication and navigation.

2.4. Effect on Scholarly Communication

In their study, Dastforoush & Venkatesha (2011) examined the dependency on electronic and print journals of the most frequent users among scholars and faculty in Iran. A total of 118 faculty members and research scholars were selected. Questionnaires were given to the selected sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results showed that the majority of users had high dependency on electronic journals.

2.5. Effect on Research

Electronic journals influence scholarship and research. While usage statistics deal only with the usage numbers, research deals with a wider picture of usage. That research shows the ratios of user preference and discusses different specifications and opinions regarding journals usage.

Heterick (2002) (as cited in Adegbore, 2011 ) reports that more than 60% of faculty studied are comfortable using electronic resources. They believe that a variety of electronic resources are important to their research. And they consider electronic databases to be invaluable. In addition, 62% expect that they will become increasingly dependent on electronic resources in the future.

3. Methodology

3.1. Design of the Investigation

The following efforts were made for achieving the goals of this study. Necessary information about the universities related to the population of the research has been collected and the survey method chosen. Then a sample was selected and a questionnaire designed in such a way to cover all the questions that this research intended to answer. The questionnaire was distributed and the data has been collected and analyzed in a professional way so that the results reflect high validity and reliability.

According to Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in UAE (http://www.mohesr.gov.ae/ar/Pages/default.aspx), the number of educational establishments in Abu Dhabi is 25. Of these, 17 offer graduate studies. In order to get more information about these universities and in addition to email and phone correspondence, the researchers visited most of the seventeen graduate academic institutions. Finally, a sample of three universities was selected in this study.

The questionnaire of this study has been divided into the following parts:

Demographic Details: In this part the researchers aimed to get a general idea about the participants in the study and their background.

Research Details: This is in order to have some information about participants’ opinions regarding electronic and print journals.

An online based questionnaire, using Survey Monkey, was distributed to the three universities selected in this study.

The number of participants was 200, which was around 9% of the total number of faculty members and graduate students (N = 2319). From a statistical point of view, the response rate was reasonably good from the three universities selected. All the data collected have been treated as per the standard structures and policies of evaluation, manipulation and analysis of information.

3.2. The Sample

In order to give more validity and reliability to the study, it has been limited to three academic institutions in Abu Dhabi Emirate only. Then the researchers got the sample for their study via two steps. In the first step, the two researchers took a purposive sample from above mentioned 17 educational establishments according to the two following factors:

1) Governmental or private educational establishment

2) Availability of print journals in the educational establishment

Using the first step, 4 universities have been eliminated. The second step was getting a stratified sample from the remaining 13 universities according to colleges and programs offered. Eventually, the researchers selected three universities which have different colleges offering different educational programs.

Table 1 shows the number of faculty and graduate students in the three universities which were chosen as a sample for this study:

Table 2 shows the number of electronic journals and the number of print journals in these universities:

Table 1. Faculty members and graduate student numbers in the sample universities.

Table 2. Electronic and print journal numbers in the sample universities.

3.3. Treatment

The questionnaire was sent to faculty members and graduate students through the Research Departments in the three above universities. Participants’ responses have been organized according to themes found in the literature, and some other new themes emerge from experience with significant library topics.

3.4. Data Analysis Procedure

Directly after the survey was closed, the responses were downloaded into an Excel spreadsheet. Then the researchers consulted with a statistical expert. After that, the data was uploaded into SPSS version 22 for statistical analysis. The results have been arranged logically with concentration on the most significant features related the thesis subject and which answer its questions.

4. Results & Discussions

4.1. Demographic Findings

The following figures show all the demographic findings of this research:

The number of participants has been divided among the three samples universities as follows: (Figure 1).

The number of participants has been divided among the different colleges in the above mentioned three universities as follows: (Figure 2).

The following figure (Figure 3) shows the distribution of participants according to their computer literacy standard.

And the following figure (Figure 4) shows the distribution of participants according to their academic status.

4.2. Research Findings

Upon checking the research results, it has been generally found that the highest number of respondents with the ratio 65% declared that “electronic journals have more advantages than print journals”, which is actually an expected ratio in the current shift toward

Figure 1. Names of universities.

Figure 2. Colleges (disciplines).

Figure 3. Computer literacy.

Figure 4. Academic status.

an electronic environment in libraries as elsewhere. But there is still a good ratio of respondents (22%) who said that “electronic and print journals are equal”. Also it is noticed that around 13% of respondents said that “print journals have more advantages than electronic journals”. Figure 5 clearly shows these findings:

Recently there have been many debates in libraries to decide if print version of journals should be cancelled or not if the electronic version of the same journal is available in the library. So the following question is very important as it will give information related to this matter. Figure 6 shows that the majority of respondents (around 70%) said that “both versions should be kept”. Around one third of respondents said that “print version should be cancelled”. Although these numbers show that there is a good trend toward more dependence on electronic format of journals, there is still much interest in having the print copy of journals on the library shelves in addition to the electronic version.

The clear interest in electronic journal is shown by the findings that 43% of respondents

Figure 5. What is your opinion about the two journal formats?

Figure 6. What is your opinion if both formats of a journal are available in your library?

stated that they use electronic journals “several times a week”, 20% use them “several times a month” and 17% “daily”. Options “once a month” and “once a week” were chosen by only 13% and 7% of participants respectively (Figure 7).

It is obvious that the types of problems which electronic journal users face are mostly related to information technology which is enhanced and upgraded continuously in order keep the prosperity of electronic journals. When participants were asked about these problems, it has been found that the major difficulty was “access problems” with ratio of 65%, the second highest is for “searching problems” with a ratio of 35%. There were low problem ratios for “saving/archiving”, “printing” and others (Figure 8).

For print journals, low usage has been noticed, where 35% of participants use print journals “once a month”, 27% of participants use them “several times a week”, 22% use them “several times a month”, 14% use it “once a week”, and a very small ratio of participants (2%) use print journals on daily basis while daily usage was 17% for electronic journals (Figure 9).

Despite the low usage of print journals, when participants were asked about the problems when using them, the ratios are generally low for having problems like: “physical access”, “missing or damaged issues”, photocopying problems, “copyright problems”

Figure 7. How frequently do you use electronic journals?

Figure 8. What kind of problems (if any) do you have while dealing with electronic journals?

and “delayed issues” (25%, 23%, 22%, 21%, and 21%) respectively (Figure 10). Few participants said they have searching problems for articles in the journals.

These results match the result of Profera & Stamison (2010) , which found that the demand for electronic content is rising within the information community. The growing popularity of e-resources translates to various issues facing library organizations.

5. Conclusion & Recommendations

5.1. Conclusion

This research looked at academic libraries in Abu Dhabi Emirate in order to find out the preference of electronic versus print journals and usage problems of each journal format. Generally, the findings of the study reflected a very high preference for electronic journals over print journals by both faculty members and graduate students.

Figure 9. How frequently do you use print journals?

Figure 10. What kind of problems (if any) do you have while dealing with print journals?

Although the above mentioned high preference found, most respondents (69%) are still not convinced that print versions should be discarded or cancelled if they are duplicated electronically.

As electronic journals usage has increased, users face some problems like searching, accessing, saving and printing. On the other side there are some problems mentioned related to print journals like “physical access”, “delayed issues” and “missing or damaged issues”.

5.2. Recommendations

Based on the above findings of this study, the authors suggest the following recommendations:

- Libraries should allocate most of their journals subscriptions budget for the electronic version of these journals.

- Libraries should not totally cancel print journals as around two thirds of participants are still not convinced that this should be done.

- Libraries should check and solve some electronic journals usage problems like “access problems” and “searching problems”.

- Libraries should check and solve some print journals usage problems like “physical access”, “delayed issues” and “missing issues”.

By implementing the above, libraries will help advance the field of knowledge management while better serving their patrons.

Cite this paper
Halloumeh, K. and Jirjees, J. (2016) Electronic versus Print Journals in Academic Libraries in Abu Dhabi: Preference & Problems. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 4, 113-126. doi: 10.4236/ajc.2016.44011.
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