  • “De la Terre à la lune” (novel by Verne)

    novel by Jules Verne, published as De la Terre à la Lune (1865) and also published as The Baltimore Gun Club and The American Gun Club. Although the novel was subtitled Trajet direct en 97 heures 20 minutes (“Direct Passage in Ninety-seven Hours and Twenty Minutes”), the actual journey to the Moon was depicted in the book’s...

  • de la Vega, Aurelio (Cuban composer)

    ...was particularly significant in the development of electronic music in his country; Brouwer was one of the most original figures of the Cuban avant-garde and an innovative writer for the guitar. Aurelio de la Vega, a longtime resident of California and one of the best-known Cuban composers of his generation, successively used a free atonal language, serialist techniques, electronics, open......

  • de la Vrana, Francesco (Italian sculptor)

    early Italian Renaissance sculptor and medalist, especially distinguished for his severely elegant portrait busts of women and as an early disseminator of the Renaissance style in France....

  • De La Warr Pavilion (building, Bexhill, England, United Kingdom)

    Mendelsohn was forced to leave Germany in 1933, when the National Socialist (Nazi) Party came to power. He went first to Brussels and then to London. His most important work in England was the De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill (with Serge Chermayeff, 1933), which had a glass-enclosed, semicircular stairway tower. During the same period, he carried out important commissions in Palestine, notably......

  • De La Warr, Thomas West, 12th Baron (English colonist)

    one of the English founders of Virginia, for whom Delaware Bay, the Delaware River, and the state of Delaware were named....

  • De Laage Prairie (Illinois, United States)

    village, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. South Holland is a suburb of Chicago, located along the Little Calumet River about 30 miles (50 km) south of downtown. Founded in 1847 by Dutch farmers, it was first called De Laage Prairie (“The Low Prairie”); it was renamed South Holland in 1870. The community developed after 1853, when the Illi...

  • “De l’amour” (work by Stendhal)

    philosophical discourse by Stendhal, published in 1822 as De l’amour. The work was prompted by Stendhal’s hopeless love for Métilde Dembowski....

  • de Lancie, John (American musician)

    ...of the last works written by German composer Richard Strauss. It was completed in 1945, and Strauss revised the ending in 1948; most musicians prefer the earlier ending. The piece was inspired by John de Lancie, an American serviceman who in civilian life was a professional oboist....

  • De Land (Florida, United States)

    city, seat (1888) of Volusia county, northeastern Florida, U.S. It is situated just east of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Daytona Beach. The area’s original inhabitants, the Timucua Indians, were driven from the region by the Creek and British by the mid-18th century. In...

  • De lapidibus (work by Theophrastus)

    The oldest known treatise on rocks and minerals is the De lapidibus (“On Stones”) of the Greek philosopher Theophrastus(c. 372–c. 287 bce). Written probably in the early years of the 3rd century, this work remained the best study of mineral substances for almost 2,000 years. Although reference is made to some 70 different materials, the work ...

  • De lapsu et reparatione justitiae (work by Nicholas of Clémanges)

    In his treatise De lapsu et reparatione justitiae (“On the Failure and Renewal of Justice”) and in companion works (c. 1415) discussing the decline of the church and the ravages of simoniacal practices (the selling of religious offices) by ecclesiastical authorities, Nicholas deplored clerical avarice and the abuse of power. The essay De corrupto ecclesiae statu....

  • de Larrocha, Alicia (Spanish musician)

    May 23, 1923Barcelona, SpainSept. 25, 2009BarcelonaSpanish pianist who who was known for her elegant, focused, and subtle performances, especially of works by Mozart and by Spanish composers. Her appearance onstage was often remarked upon because the unassuming and unusually petite pianist ...

  • De l’art de la terre (work by Palissy)

    ...than those of his contemporaries. After seeing a white glazed cup, probably Chinese porcelain, he determined to discover the secrets of its manufacture. His early researches are described in De l’art de la terre....

  • De l’art de la tragédie (work by La Taille)

    A collection of his works appeared in 1572, including his tragedy Saül le Furieux (1562) and De l’art de la tragédie, the most important piece of French dramatic criticism of its time. La Taille wrote for the limited audience of a lettered aristocracy, depreciated the native drama, and insisted on the Senecan model. In his preface to the collection of works he......

  • De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean (French military officer)

    French army officer and posthumous marshal of France who became one of the leading military figures in the French forces under General Charles de Gaulle during World War II. He was also the most successful French commander of the First Indochina War (1946–54)....

  • De laudibus dei (poem by Dracontius)

    ...rhetorical flavour of these poems reappears in his elegiac Satisfactio, a plea for pardon addressed to Gunthamund during his imprisonment, and is evident even in his most religious poem, De laudibus dei. This last poem, considered his most important work, comprises 2,327 hexameters in three books: Book I describes the Creation and Fall and the evidence for immortality; Book II......

  • De laudibus legum Angliae (treatise by Fortescue)

    jurist, notable for a legal treatise, De laudibus legum Angliae (c. 1470; “In Praise of the Laws of England”), written for the instruction of Edward, prince of Wales, son of the deposed king Henry VI of England. He also stated a moral principle that remains basic to the Anglo-American jury system: It is better that the guilty escape than that the innocent be punished....

  • De Laurentiis, Agostino (Italian-American film producer)

    Italian-born American film producer known for his prolific output of films ranging from the populist to the cerebral....

  • De Laurentiis, Dino (Italian-American film producer)

    Italian-born American film producer known for his prolific output of films ranging from the populist to the cerebral....

  • De l’auscultation médiate (work by Laënnec)

    In 1819 Laënnec published De l’auscultation médiate (“On Mediate Auscultation”), the first discourse on a variety of heart and lung sounds heard through the stethoscope. The first English translation of De l’auscultation médiate was published in London in 1821. Laënnec’s treatise arouse...

  • De l’autorité du roi (work by Belloy)

    ...upon passive obedience emerged the theory of the divine right of kings. The first written statement of the theory in France is contained in the works of Pierre de Belloy, especially his De l’autorité du roi (1588; “Of the Authority of the King”). He asserted that the monarchy was created by God and that the king was responsible to God alone. Any rebellio...

  • de Laval turbine (technology)

    ...the stationary and moving blade passages. In addition, he subsequently built the first practical large marine steam turbines. During the 1880s Carl G.P. de Laval of Sweden constructed small reaction turbines that turned at about 40,000 revolutions per minute to drive cream separators. Their high speed, however, made them unsuitable for other commercial applications. De Laval then turned his......

  • De le stelle fisse (work by Piccolomini)

    ...collaborators numbered the stars on the charts according to the order in Ptolemy’s list, a nomenclature that gained limited currency in the 16th century. The first book of printed star charts, De le stelle fisse (1540) of the Italian Alessandro Piccolomini, introduced a lettering system for the stars; although frequently reprinted, application of its nomenclature did not spread....

  • De lege spirituali (work by Mark the Hermit)

    ...ceaseless prayer to expel the demon present in all. He repudiates their equation of ascetic contemplation with salvation, arguing that one cannot be the author of his own redemption. The treatise De lege spirituali (“On the Spiritual Law”), delineating a monastic program, describes Christian perfection as knowledge of the Divine Presence and Providence, which begins with ma...

  • De Legibus (work by Suárez)

    Suárez expounded his political theory and philosophy of law in De Legibus (1612; “On Laws”) as well as in the Defensio. Having refuted the divine-right theory of kingly rule, he declared that the people themselves are the original holders of political authority; the state is the result of a social contract to which the people consent. Arguing for the natural......

  • De legibus (work by Cicero)

    Cicero did not write seriously on philosophy before about 54, a period of uneasy political truce, when he seems to have begun De republica, following it with De legibus (begun in 52). These writings were an attempt to interpret Roman history in terms of Greek political theory. The bulk of his philosophical writings belong to the period between February 45 and November......

  • De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae (treatise by Bracton)

    leading medieval English jurist and author of De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae (c. 1235; “On the Laws and Customs of England”), one of the oldest systematic treatises on the common law. While depending chiefly on English judicial decisions and the methods of pleading required by English judges, Bracton enlarged the common law with principles derived......

  • “De Legibus Naturae, Disquisitio Philosophica” (work by Cumberland)

    Cumberland’s reputation, however, rests on his De Legibus Naturae, Disquisitio Philosophica (1672; A Philosophical Enquiry into the Laws of Nature, 1750). Although it is basically an attack on the views of Thomas Hobbes, the book begins by a consideration of those of Hugo Grotius, Dutch jurist and theologian. Grotius had based the authenticity of the laws of nature on the gene...

  • de León Carpio, Ramiro (president of Guatemala)

    Jan. 12, 1942Guatemala City, Guat.April 16, 2002Miami, Fla.Guatemalan politician who , as a longtime opponent of racial oppression, helped draft his country’s constitution in 1984 and in 1989 was elected human rights ombudsman. When Pres. Jorge Serrano Elías was ous...

  • De Leon, Daniel (American socialist)

    American socialist, one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He was one of the chief propagandists for socialism in the early American labour movement, but his uncompromising tactics were often divisive....

  • De l’esprit (work by Helvétius)

    ...the poem Le Bonheur (“Happiness”), published posthumously with an account of his life and works by the Marquis de Saint-Lambert (1772), and his celebrated philosophical work De l’esprit (1758; “On the Mind”), which immediately became notorious. For its attack on all forms of morality based on religion it aroused formidable opposition, particularl...

  • “De l’esprit des lois” (treatise by Montesquieu)

    ...appeared under the title De l’esprit des loix; ou, du rapport que les loix doivent avoir avec la constitution de chaque gouvernement, les moeurs, le climat, la religion, le commerce, etc. (The Spirit of Laws, 1750). It consisted of two quarto volumes, comprising 31 books in 1,086 pages....

  • De libero arbitrio (work by Valla)

    Valla wrote other books in his years at Alfonso’s court. In his brief dialogue De libero arbitrio (“On Free Will”), Valla attacked the stoic philosopher Boethius (480–524/525), who had attempted to reconcile man’s free will with God’s foreknowledge; and in his Dialecticae disputationes (“Dialectical Disputations”), Valla reduced...

  • De libero arbitrio (work by Luther)

    ...arena” of theological combat, though he promised the Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli that he would attack Luther in a way that would not please the “pharisees.” De libero arbitrio (1524) defended the place of human free choice in the process of salvation and argued that the consensus of the church through the ages is authoritative in the......

  • De libris revolutionum…Nic. Copernici…narratio prima… (work by Rheticus)

    ...Earth revolves around the Sun, he went to Frauenburg (now Frombork, Pol.) in 1539, where he studied for two years with Copernicus. Rheticus published the first account of the new views in his De libris revolutionum…Nic. Copernici…narratio prima… (1540; “The First Account of the Book on the Revolutions by Nicolaus Copernicus”). He encouraged......

  • De Linearum Curvarum cum Lineis Rectis Comparatione (work by Fermat)

    ...or determination of the length of algebraic curves was impossible; but Fermat was one of several mathematicians who, in the years 1657–59, disproved the dogma. In a paper entitled “De Linearum Curvarum cum Lineis Rectis Comparatione” (“Concerning the Comparison of Curved Lines with Straight Lines”), he showed that the semicubical parabola and certain......

  • “De l’infinito universo e mondi” (work by Bruno)

    ...a monistic conception of the world, implying the basic unity of all substances and the coincidence of opposites in the infinite unity of Being. In the De l’infinito universo e mondi (1584; On the Infinite Universe and Worlds), he developed his cosmological theory by systematically criticizing Aristotelian physics; he also formulated his Averroistic view of the relation betw...

  • De lingua Latina (treatise by Varro)

    Dedicated to Cicero, Varro’s De lingua Latina (“On the Latin Language”) is of interest not only as a linguistic work but also as a source of valuable incidental information on a variety of subjects. Of the original 25 books there remain, apart from brief fragments, only books v to x, and even these contain considerable gaps....

  • De l’institution…de l’Eucharistie (work by Mornay)

    Henry IV’s reconciliation with the Roman Catholic church (1593) ended his collaboration with Mornay, and the publication of Mornay’s De l’institution . . . de l’Eucharistie (1598), in which he made use of scriptural quotations in an attack on Roman Catholic eucharistic doctrine, increased the breach between them. At a public disputation at Fontainebleau in 1600 w...

  • De l’intelligence (work by Taine)

    In 1870 he published the two volumes of De l’intelligence (On Intelligence), a major work in the discipline of psychology, which had interested him since his youth. His devotion to science is most fully illustrated here; he opposes the speculative and introspective approach of the eclectics and outlines a scientific methodology for the study of human personality that establish...

  • De lo amore celeste (work by Benivieni)

    ...humanists Ficino, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and Politian (Angelo Poliziano). Ficino translated the Symposium about 1474 with his own commentary, which Benivieni summarized in the canzone “De lo amore celeste” (“Of Heavenly Love”), and this in turn became the subject of an extensive commentary by Pico della Mirandola. Thus, through all these sources, Plato...

  • De locis sanctis (work by Adamnan)

    ...was driven by storm to Scotland and so arrived at the Hebridean island of Iona, where he related his experiences to his host, Abbot St. Adamnan. Adamnan’s narrative of Arculf’s journey, De locis sanctis, came to the attention of the Venerable Bede, who inserted a brief summary of it in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Bede also wrote a separat...

  • De locis theologicis (work by Cano)

    ...of Pope Paul IV. The Holy See did not confirm his election as Provincial of the Dominicans (1557) and delayed confirmation of his reelection (1559). His reputation as a theologian rests on his De locis theologicis (posthumously published in 1563), an analysis of the scientific value of theological statements, which led him to evaluate the sources of theology. He also wrote commentaries.....

  • De Long, George Washington (American explorer)

    American explorer whose disastrous Arctic expedition gave evidence of a continuous ocean current across the polar regions....

  • De Long Islands (islands, Russia)

    The New Siberian Islands consist of three groups: to the south the Lyakhovskye Islands, separated by Sannikova Strait from the New Siberian Islands proper, and to the northeast the small De Long Islands. The New Siberian Islands proper consist of the large islands of Novaya Sibir, Belkovsky, Kotelny, and Faddeyevsky. Between the last two lies Bunge Island, a low sandy plain occasionally......

  • De l’origine des fables (work by Fontenelle)

    ...his Micromégas (1752), a dissertation on the smallness of man in relation to the cosmos. Fontenelle’s most original contribution was in his approach to historiography, shown in his De l’origine des fables (1724; “Of the Origin of Fables”), in which he supports the theory that similar fables arise independently in several cultures and also tentati...

  • “De l’origine des fontaines” (work by Perrault)

    ...not a scientist by profession but had been, in succession, a lawyer, a government administrator, and a writer. In his most significant scientific work, De l’origine des fontaines (1674; On the Origin of Springs), he presented a study of a substantial section of the Seine River, beginning at its source, northwest of the city of Dijon. His numerical estimates demonstrated tha...

  • De los nombres de Cristo (work by León)

    ...however, he resigned in favour of the man who had replaced him. But he subsequently gained a new one, also at Salamanca; a second denunciation, in 1582, did not succeed. His prose masterpiece, De los nombres de Cristo (1583–85), a treatise in the dialogue form popularized by the followers of Erasmus on the various names given to Christ in Scripture, is the supreme exemplar of......

  • “De Luce” (work by Grosseteste)

    ...of light by mathematical means. His studies of the rainbow and comets employ both observation and mathematics. His treatise De luce (1215–20; On Light) presents light as the basic form of all things and God as the primal, uncreated light....

  • de Lucía, Paco (Spanish musician)

    Dec. 21, 1947Alegeciras, SpainFeb. 26, 2014Cancún, Mex.Spanish guitarist who was regarded as the foremost flamenco guitarist of his generation; he greatly extended both the reach and the vocabulary of the traditional Andalusian music and combined astonishing virtuosity with deep pass...

  • De Lullo, Giorgio (Italian theatrical director)

    Italian theatrical director who gained an international reputation as founder and director of the Compagnia dei Giovani, which performed at theatre festivals including the World Theatre Seasons in London and the Théâtre des Nations in Paris....

  • De magnalibus urbis Mediolani (work by Bonvesin da la Riva)

    ...quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam (“Concerning Fifty Gentilities for the Table”), which provides valuable information about the social mores and etiquette of his time, and De magnalibus urbis Mediolani (“Concerning the Great Works of the City of Milan”), a detailed description of the topography, demography, and architecture of Milan and its environs...

  • “De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure” (work by Gilbert)

    ...Gilbert settled in London and began to practice in 1573. His principal work, De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (1600; On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth), gives a full account of his research on magnetic bodies and electrical attractions. After years of experiments he concluded......

  • De Mambro, Joseph (religious leader)

    The Solar Temple was founded in Geneva in 1984 by Luc Jouret, a homeopathic physician and New Age lecturer, and Joseph De Mambro. Its headquarters was later moved to Zürich, where a leadership council of 33 members presided, and regional lodges were set up to perform initiation ceremonies and other rites in Switzerland, Canada, and elsewhere....

  • de Man, Paul (American literary critic)

    Belgian-born literary critic, one of the major proponents of the critical theory known as deconstruction....

  • de Marca, Pierre (French historian)

    ...historian John Selden repeated medium aevum, Anglicizing the term in 1614 to middle times and in 1618 to middle ages. In 1641 the French historian Pierre de Marca apparently coined the French vernacular term le moyen âge, which gained authority in the respected lexicographical work ......

  • De Marchi, Emilio (Italian author)

    ...Capuana, this was Sicily. Matilde Serao, on the other hand, has given a detailed and colourful reportage of the Neapolitan scene, while Renato Fucini conveyed the atmosphere of traditional Tuscany. Emilio De Marchi, another writer in the realist mold, has Milan for his setting and in Demetrio Pianelli (1890) has painted a candid but essentially kindly portrait of the new Milanese.....

  • de Marco, Guido (president of Malta)

    July 22, 1931Valletta, British MaltaAug. 12, 2010Msida, MaltaMaltese politician who shaped Malta’s domestic politics as the country’s deputy prime minister (1987–96, 1998–99) and president (1999–2004) and was a driving force behind his homeland’s ad...

  • De Maria, Walter Joseph (American sculptor)

    Oct. 1, 1935Albany, Calif.July 25, 2013Los Angeles, Calif.American sculptor who created immense art installations that transcended easy categorization. Influential in minimalism, conceptual art, and land art, De Maria designed works in which simple shapes were repeated on a monumental scale...

  • de Marillac, Saint Louise (French saint)

    cofounder with St. Vincent de Paul of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, a congregation of laywomen dedicated to teaching and hospital work....

  • de Martínez Montañés, Juan (Spanish sculptor)

    Spanish sculptor who was instrumental in the transition from Mannerism to the Baroque. His work influenced not only the sculptors and altarmakers of Spain and Latin America but also the Spanish painters of his century....

  • De materia medica (work by Dioscorides)

    ...manuscripts were relatively few in number even at the time they were produced. Certainly very few religious or classical texts survive. Of the latter, a copy of the pharmacological treatise De materia medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the 1st century ad, is certainly Constantinopolitan; it was done for Juliana Anicia, the founder of the church of St. Poly...

  • “De materia medica” (Arabic text)

    ...Goals of the Scholar”; also known as Picatrix) and Rutbat al-ḥakīm (“The Step of the Scholar”). Greater interest is merited by the Materia medica, a revision of the Eastern Arabic text of the 1st-century Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides ordered by al-Naṣir, on which Jews, Arabs, and Christians collaborated.......

  • de Mazière, Lothar (German politician)

    ...of a multiparty system. With the overthrow of the ruling communist regime in East Germany’s first free elections, on March 18, 1990, it was this rump party that took power by a large mandate, with Lothar de Maizière as minister president presiding over the six-month transitional period to unification....

  • De medicina (work by Celsus)

    ...of the greatest Roman medical writers, author of an encyclopaedia dealing with agriculture, military art, rhetoric, philosophy, law, and medicine, of which only the medical portion has survived. De medicina, now considered one of the finest medical classics, was largely ignored by contemporaries. It was discovered by Pope Nicholas V (1397–1455) and was among the first medical work...

  • De medicina Aegyptorum (work by Alpini)

    His account of current Egyptian medical practice, De medicina Aegyptorum (1591; “On Egyptian Medicine”), was a valuable addition to medical history. Alpini’s study of Egyptian diseases culminated in his widely acclaimed De praesagienda vita et morte aegrotontium (1601; The Presages of Life and Death in Diseases)....

  • De mensura orbis terrae (work by Dicuil)

    Much of Dicuil’s astronomical knowledge was gained in calculating dates for religious festivals. Completed in 825, his De mensura orbis terrae (“Concerning the Measurement of the World”) contains the earliest mention of Irish hermits having visited Iceland (795), where they marveled at the midnight sun. The work also contains the most definite Western....

  • “De methodis serierum et fluxionum” (work by Newton)

    ...Infinite Series”), which circulated in manuscript through a limited circle and made his name known. During the next two years he revised it as De methodis serierum et fluxionum (“On the Methods of Series and Fluxions”). The word fluxions, Newton’s private rubric, indicates that the calculus had been born. Despite the fact that only a handful of savants were ev...

  • de Meuron, Pierre (Swiss architect)

    Also in London, the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion in Kensington Gardens reunited Ai (who remained detained in China) with the 2008 Beijing Olympics engineering team Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron; Ai worked with his partners via Skype. Nestled beneath a reflecting pool roof that mirrored London’s sky, a full-scale landscape relief made of cork traced the foundation footprints of all 11.....

  • de Mille, Agnes (American dancer and choreographer)

    American dancer and choreographer who further developed the narrative aspect of dance and made innovative use of American themes, folk dances, and physical idioms in her choreography of musical plays and ballets....

  • de Mille, Agnes George (American dancer and choreographer)

    American dancer and choreographer who further developed the narrative aspect of dance and made innovative use of American themes, folk dances, and physical idioms in her choreography of musical plays and ballets....

  • De Mille, James (Canadian author)

    Canadian author of more than 30 novels with a wide range of appeal, particularly noted for his wit and humour....

  • de Millimete gun (weapon)

    The earliest known gunpowder weapons vaguely resembled an old-fashioned soda bottle or a deep-throated mortar and pestle. The earliest such weapon, depicted in the English de Millimete manuscript, was some three feet long with a bore diameter of about two inches (five centimetres). The projectile resembled an arrow with a wrapping around the shaft, probably of leather, to provide a gas seal......

  • De Minh (legendary king of Vietnam)

    According to legend, the first ruler of the Vietnamese people was King De Minh, a descendant of a mythical Chinese ruler who was the father of Chinese agriculture. De Minh and an immortal fairy of the mountains produced Kinh Duong, ruler of the Land of Red Demons, who married the daughter of the Dragon Lord of the Sea. Their son, Lac Long Quan (“Dragon Lord of Lac”), was, according.....

  • “De miseria condicionis humane” (work by Innocent III)

    ...it did not become the discipline that shaped his worldview or his vision of the papacy. During the 1190s Lothar wrote three theological tracts: De miseria condicionis humane (On the Misery of the Human Condition), De missarum mysteriis (On the Mysteries of the Mass), and De quadripartita specie nuptiarum (......

  • “De missarum mysteriis” (work by Innocent III)

    ...the 1190s Lothar wrote three theological tracts: De miseria condicionis humane (On the Misery of the Human Condition), De missarum mysteriis (On the Mysteries of the Mass), and De quadripartita specie nuptiarum (On Four Types of Marriage). The first was enormously popular in the Middle Ages, an...

  • De monade, numero et figura liber (work by Bruno)

    ...which material properties are derived. The term was first used by the Pythagoreans as the name of the beginning number of a series, from which all following numbers derived. Giordano Bruno in De monade, numero et figura liber (1591; “On the Monad, Number, and Figure”) described three fundamental types: God, souls, and atoms. The idea of monads was popularized by Gottfried.....

  • “De monarchia” (work by Dante)

    ...duplicity, Clement himself turned against Henry. This action prompted one of Dante’s greatest polemical treatises, his De monarchia (c. 1313; On Monarchy) in which he expands the political arguments of the Convivio. In the embittered atmosphere caused by Clement’s deceit Dante turned his argumentativ...

  • De monarchia Christianorum (work by Campanella)

    Campanella’s interest in pragmatism and in political reform were already evident in such early writings as De monarchia Christianorum (1593; “On Christian Monarchy”) and Dialogo politico contra Luterani, Calvinisti ed altri eretici (1595; “Political Dialogue Against Lutherans, Calvinists, and Other Heretics”), in which he asserted that sinful humani...

  • De monastica exercitatione (work by Saint Nilus)

    ...a monk and eventually abbot of a monastery near Ancyra and soon won a reputation as a wonder-worker and spiritual counselor. He wrote a number of tracts on moral and monastic subjects, including De monastica exercitatione (“On Monastic Practice”) and De voluntaria paupertate (“On Voluntary Poverty”), which stress the essence of monastic obedience as the...

  • De morbis acutis et chronicis (work by Caelius Aurelianus)

    ...Greco-Roman physician after Galen. Caelius probably practiced and taught in Rome and is now thought to rank second only to the physician Celsus as a Latin medical writer. His most famous work, De morbis acutis et chronicis (“Concerning Acute and Chronic Diseases”), is a thorough exposition of classical medical knowledge....

  • “De Morbis Artificum Diatriba” (work by Ramazzini)

    Ramazzini wrote De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (1760; Diseases of Workers), the first comprehensive work on occupational diseases, outlining the health hazards of irritating chemicals, dust, metals, and other abrasive agents encountered by workers in 52 occupations. He served as professor of medicine at the University of Padua from 1700 until his death....

  • De Morgan, Augustus (English mathematician and logician)

    English mathematician and logician whose major contributions to the study of logic include the formulation of De Morgan’s laws and work leading to the development of the theory of relations and the rise of modern symbolic, or mathematical, logic....

  • De Morgan laws (logic)

    English mathematician and logician whose major contributions to the study of logic include the formulation of De Morgan’s laws and work leading to the development of the theory of relations and the rise of modern symbolic, or mathematical, logic....

  • de Morgan, William (English artist)

    ...by the level to which popular taste had sunk. Among them was the English poet and designer William Morris, who founded a firm of interior decorators and manufacturers in 1861. One of his pupils, William de Morgan, started a pottery at Fulham (London) in 1888 that made dishes and tiles inspired by Persian, Hispano-Moresque, and Italian wares. De Morgan used brilliant blues and greens and a......

  • De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum (work by Dudo)

    ...Norman aid against Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty. He began to frequent the court of Richard I, duke of Normandy, and was employed to write a history of the Norman dukes. The work, De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum (“Concerning the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of the Normans”), was completed sometime between 1015 and 1026. Trained as a poet,...

  • De Motu (work by Newton)

    ...the problem of orbital dynamics. Upon learning that Newton had solved the problem, he extracted Newton’s promise to send the demonstration. Three months later he received a short tract entitled De Motu (“On Motion”). Already Newton was at work improving and expanding it. In two and a half years, the tract De Motu grew into Philosophiae Naturalis Pr...

  • “De Motu Cordis” (work by Harvey)

    English physician William Harvey announced his observations on the circulation of the blood in 1616 and published his famous monograph titled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (The Anatomical Exercises Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) in 1628. His discovery, that blood circulates around the body in a closed system,......

  • De motu cordis et aneurysmatibus (work by Lancisi)

    ...number of sudden deaths in Rome. Lancisi attributed sudden death to such causes as cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, and vegetations on the heart valves. This treatise and De motu cordis et aneurysmatibus (1728; “On the Motion of the Heart and on Aneurysms”), in which he discussed the various causes of heart enlargement and was the first to describe.....

  • De motu stellarum (work by Battani)

    ...the Middle Ages. His principal written work, a compendium of astronomical tables, was translated into Latin in about 1116 and into Spanish in the 13th century. A printed edition, under the title De motu stellarum (“On Stellar Motion”), was published in 1537....

  • “De mulieribus claris” (work by Boccaccio)

    work by Giovanni Boccaccio, written about 1360–74. One of the many Latin works the author produced after his meeting with Petrarch, De claris mulieribus contains the biographies of more than 100 notable women. In it Boccaccio decried the practice of sending women without vocation to nunneries. He intended the book to provide female readers with m...

  • De Mundi Sensibilis atque Intelligibilis Forma et Principiis: Dissertatio (work by Kant)

    ...Inaugural Dissertation of 1770 that he delivered on assuming his new position already contained many of the important elements of his mature philosophy. As indicated in its title, De Mundi Sensibilis atque Intelligibilis Forma et Principiis: Dissertatio (“On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible Worlds”), the implicit dualism of the......

  • De musica (work by Saint Augustine)

    ...poetry, to medieval Europe. The feet of classical poetry and their equivalents in music are shown in the Table. And in late antiquity St. Augustine (354–430), in De musica, added more....

  • De nativitate Christi (work by Ratramnus)

    ...Photius of Constantinople during the controversy on the Filioque clause (“and from the Son”) in the Nicene Creed and pleads for unity between the Western and Eastern churches. De nativitate Christi (“On the Birth of Christ”) argues that Christ’s birth was natural, a belief challenged by Paschasius....

  • “De natura deorum” (work by Cicero)

    ...as Titus Lucretius Carus in the 1st century bce and Sextus Empiricus in the 3rd century ce taught a variety of skeptical doctrines. Although not an original work of philosophy, De natura deorum (44 bce; “The Nature of the Gods”), by the Roman statesman and scholar Marcus Tullius Cicero, is an invaluable source of i...

  • De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra (work by Agricola)

    In several other books, notably De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra (1546) and De ortu et causis subterraneorum (1546), Agricola describes his ideas on the origin of ore deposits in veins and correctly attributes them to deposition from aqueous solution. He also describes in detail the erosive action of rivers and its effect in the shaping of......

  • De natura fossilium (work by Agricola)

    The German scientist Georgius Agricolahas with much justification been called the father of mineralogy. Of his seven geologic books, De natura fossilium (1546; “On Natural Fossils”) contains his major contributions to mineralogy and, in fact, has been called the first textbook on that subject. In Agricola’s time and well into the 19th century, “fossil” was...

  • De natura juxta propria principia (work by Telesio)

    ...in 1535 and joined the group of thinkers known as the Accademia Cosentina. After spending nine years in a monastery, he lived in Naples and Cosenza. The first two books of his major work, De natura juxta propria principia (“On Nature According to Its Own Principles”), were published in 1565, and the complete edition of nine books appeared in 1586. Although Telesio had......

  • De naturis rerum (work by Neckham)

    ...might be useful to them in their work or their private lives. The possibility of achieving even more was fully appreciated: the English scholar Alexander Neckham, in his early 13th-century De naturis rerum (“On the Natures of Things”), hoped that by imparting knowledge he might help to lift or lighten the human spirit, and to this end he tried to maintain a simple......

  • De naturis rerum (work by Cantimpré)

    Of the Western medieval encyclopaedias, the most interesting in this respect is the De naturis rerum (c. 1228–44) of the Dominican friar Thomas de Cantimpré. His aim was that of St. Augustine: to unite in a single volume the whole of human knowledge concerning the nature of things, particularly the nature of animals, with a view toward using it as an introduction....

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