Functional Requirements for Authority Data

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1 Functional Requirements for Authority Data A Conceptual Model IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) Final Report December 2008 Approved by the Standing Committees of the IFLA Cataloguing Section and IFLA Classification and Indexing Section March 2009 As amended and corrected through July 2013

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3 CONTENTS Introduction i 1. Purpose 1 2. Scope 1 3. Entity-Relationship Diagram and Definitions Entity-Relationship Methodology Diagramming Conventions Entity-Relationship Diagram Entity Definitions 8 4. Attributes Attributes of a Person Attributes of a Family Attributes of a Corporate Body Attributes of a Work Attributes of an Expression Attributes of a Manifestation Attributes of an Item Attributes of a Concept Attributes of an Object Attributes of an Event Attributes of a Place Attributes of a Name Attributes of an Identifier Attributes of a Controlled Access Point Attributes of Rules Attributes of an Agency Relationships Authority Relationships in the Context of the Model Relationships Depicted in the High-Level Diagrams Relationships between Persons, Families, Corporate Bodies, and Works Relationships between Persons Relationships between Persons and Families Relationships between Persons and Corporate Bodies Relationships between Families Relationships between Families and Corporate Bodies Relationships between Corporate Bodies Relationships among Works, Expressions, Manifestations and, Items Relationships between the Various Names of Persons, Families, Corporate Bodies, and Works Relationships between Names of Persons Relationships between Names of Families Relationships between Names of Corporate Bodies Relationships between Names of Works Relationships between Controlled Access Points User Tasks 46 References Error! Bookmark not defined.52 Index 53

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5 Introduction The Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) was established in April 1999 by the IFLA Division of Bibliographic Control and the IFLA Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC Programme (UBCIM). Following the end of the UBCIM Programme in 2003, the IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Bibliographic Standards (ICABS) took over joint responsibility for the FRANAR Working Group with the British Library as the responsible body. The Working Group has three terms of reference: 1) To define functional requirements of authority records, continuing the work that the Functional requirements of bibliographic records" for bibliographic systems initiated; 2) To study the feasibility of an International Standard Authority Data Number (ISADN), to define possible use and users, to determine for what types of authority records such an ISADN is necessary, to examine the possible structure of the number and the type of management that would be necessary; 3) To serve as the official IFLA liaison to and work with other interested groups concerning authority files: <indecs> (Interoperability of Data in E-Commerce Systems), ICA/CDS (International Council on Archives Committee on Descriptive Standards; later, International Council on Archives Committee on Best Practices and Professional Standards), ISO/TC46 for international numbering and descriptive standards, CERL (Consortium of European Research Libraries), etc. This document fulfills the first of these terms of reference and represents one portion of the extension and expansion of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records model that was envisioned by the IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. The second term of reference, dealing with numbering, was dealt with by the Working Group in a separate document. The third of the terms of reference represents an ongoing task that has produced many valuable contacts, which have enriched this document and other aspects of this group s work and have provided the opportunity for the group to review a number of other documents about authority data that have been produced during the time of the group s work. Because the Functional Requirements for Authority Data is indeed an extension and expansion of the FRBR model, the Working Group has identified potential improvements to the FRBR model itself as well as to definitions, etc. These will be proposed to the IFLA FRBR Review Group for their consideration. In addition, the group has identified other IFLA publications relating to authority data that may require revisions. Those potential revisions will also be submitted to the relevant groups for consideration. The IFLA FRBR Study Group noted the need for further analysis of the entities that are the centre of focus for subject authorities, thesauri, and classification schemes, and of the relationships between those entities. While the Working Group has included some aspects of subject authorities in the authorities model, it has not undertaken the full analysis that the FRBR Study Group envisioned. Since the FRANAR Working Group began its work, a new working group, Working Group on Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR), 1 has been charged with that task. March 2009 i

6 Members of the IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records Françoise Bourdon (Chair, ) Bibliothèque nationale de France Christina Hengel-Dittrich Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Germany Olga Lavrenova Russian State Library Andrew MacEwan The British Library Eeva Murtomaa National Library of Finland Glenn E. Patton (Chair, ) OCLC, USA Henry Snyder University of California, Riverside, USA Barbara Tillett Library of Congress, USA Hartmut Walravens International ISBN Agency, Germany Mirna Willer University of Zadar, Croatia Secretariat Marie-France Plassard ( ) IFLA UBCIM Programme Consultant Tom Delsey Ottawa, Canada ( ) ii

7 Functional Requirements for Authority Data 1. Purpose In libraries, in museums, or in archives, a catalogue is a set of organized data describing the information content managed by an institution. Authority data represents the controlled access points and other information that institutions use to collocate works by a specific person, family, or corporate body, or the various editions of a title. Controlled access points include authorized forms and variant forms of name assembled by cataloguers to identify an entity. For the purposes of this study, only name and title entities are addressed fully; however, subject terms within catalogues are among the other entities commonly subjected to authority control. Authority control, which means both the identification of entities represented by controlled access points and the ongoing management of them, is integral to the functioning of a catalogue. Authority control is beneficial to cataloguers able to identify and distinguish between the controlled access points within a catalogue. More importantly, authority control benefits end users enabling them to search any controlled form of an author s name or of a title to retrieve bibliographic resources within catalogues. The primary purpose of this conceptual model is to provide a framework for the analysis of functional requirements for the kind of authority data that is required to support authority control and for the international sharing of authority data. The model focuses on data, regardless of how it may be packaged (e.g., in authority records). More specifically, the conceptual model has been designed to: provide a clearly defined, structured frame of reference for relating the data that are recorded by authority record creators to the needs of the users of that data; assist in an assessment of the potential for international sharing and use of authority data both within the library sector and beyond. 2. Scope The functional scope of the study was intentionally limited to the library sector, but the study has been conducted with a view to comparative analysis with other sectors. For the purposes of this model, the users of authority data include both the authority data creators who create and maintain authority data and end users who use authority information either through direct access to authority data or indirectly through the controlled access points and reference structures in library catalogues, national bibliographies, etc. For the purposes of this study, authority data is defined as the aggregate of information about a person, family, corporate body, or work whose name is used as the basis for a controlled access point for bibliographic citations or for records in a library catalogue or bibliographic database. Conventionally, authority data is structured in accordance with guidelines and specifications, such as those set out in IFLA s Guidelines for Authority Records and References (GARR) 2 and/or 1

8 cataloguing rules. In current practice, the authority record normally contains the authorized access point for the entity as established by the cataloguing agency as the default form for displays in its catalogue, as well as access points for variant forms of name and authorized access points for related entities. The authority record will also normally include information identifying the rules under which the controlled access points were established, the sources consulted, the cataloguing agency responsible for establishing the controlled access point, etc. For the purposes of this study, however, there are no a priori assumptions made about the physical structure of authority data, nor are there any assumptions made as to whether the data are stored in an authority file that is separate from the catalogue or bibliographic file per se, or fully integrated with it. At a high level, the conceptual model encompasses authority data of all types. The entity relationship diagram (section 3.3) and the entity definitions (section 3.4) are intended to reflect authority data for persons, families, corporate bodies, and geographic entities, or for entities represented in catalogues by title authority data (of the type of titles of work or work/expression and collective titles of works or works/expressions) or creator-title authority data, for subject authority data (subject terms, thesauri terms, and classification indicia), and authority data for various types of names and identifiers (standard numbers, codes, etc.) associated to those entities. However, the detailed analysis of entity attributes (section 4) and relationships (section 5) focuses only on library authority data for name controlled access points associated with persons, families, and corporate bodies, and for creator-title and title controlled access points associated with works, expressions, manifestations, and items. In those sections, attributes and relationships associated exclusively with other types of authority data (such as subject authority data) are not included. Management information that may be maintained as part of authority data, such as version control information or treatment decisions about the management of the resource described by the data, is also not included. 3. Entity-Relationship Diagram and Definitions 3.1 Entity-Relationship Methodology The methodology used to build this conceptual model is the same entity analysis technique used in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) 3. As described in section 2.3 of FRBR, the first step is the identification of the key objects that are of interest to users of information in a particular domain. Each of these key objects, or entities, then serves as the focal point for a cluster of data. A model developed using these techniques also depicts the relationships between one type of entity and another type of entity. Once the high-level structure for the model has been laid out by identifying the entities and the relationships between those entities, the next step is to identify the primary characteristics or attributes of each entity. At a more detailed level, the model can also depict the relationships that may exist between instances of entities. The entity-relationship model described in the following section has been used in this study to assess the relevance of each attribute and relationship to the set of user tasks defined later in this document. Entity versus Attribute: In designing any conceptual model, a key decision involves whether to make something an attribute or a separate entity. The outcome of this decision depends on the future use that is to be made of the attribute or entity. The developers of the FRBR model saw significant advantages in declaring persons and corporate bodies to be separate entities that could then be related to the other entities laid out in that model. Cataloguers have traditionally thought of controlling the names for persons and corporate bodies through authority data. 2

9 Declaring persons and corporate bodies as entities enables much more flexibility in the controlled naming and eliminates redundancies that would occur if they were modeled as attributes. The names for these entities can then be controlled in an authority record and linked to other authority records or to bibliographic records or holdings records as needed. The FRBR decision to treat these as entities rather than as attributes has been carried over into this conceptual model of authority data. In addition, in this model, declaring names and identifiers as entities allows more clarity in showing the relationships between the entities on which authority data are focused and the names and/or identifiers by which those entities are known and on which the controlled access points for those entities will be based. 3.2 Diagramming Conventions A rectangle represents an entity (i.e., an object of interest to users of authority data). A dotted-line rectangle surrounding a group of two or more entities indicates that a relationship represented by an arrow contiguous with the dotted line may apply to any and/or all of the entities represented within the rectangle. A single-headed arrow on a line represents a relationship in which any given instance of the entity at the opposite end of the line may be associated with only one instance of the entity to which the arrow is pointing. A double-headed arrow on a line represents a relationship in which any given instance of the entity at the opposite end of the line may be associated with one or more instances of the entity to which the arrow is pointing. 3.3 Entity-Relationship Diagram The fundamental basis for the conceptual model is illustrated in Figure 1. The model can be simply described as follows: Entities in the bibliographic universe (such as those identified in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) are known by names and/or identifiers. In the cataloguing process (whether it happens in libraries, museums, or archives), those names and identifiers are used as the basis for constructing controlled access points. 3

10 Bibliographic Entities known by Names and/or Identifiers basis for Controlled Access Points Figure 1: Fundamental Basis for the Conceptual Model A fuller form of the conceptual model for authority data is presented graphically in the diagram in Figure 2. The entities depicted in the diagram are defined in section 3.4. Entities: The entities depicted in the diagram represent the key objects of interest to the users of authority data. The resulting diagram represents a model of the relationships between those entities, not a model for an authority record, which is a specific application of authority data. The entities on which authority data are focused (i.e., the ten entities defined in Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records person, corporate body, work, expression, manifestation, item, concept, object, event, and place plus one additional entity family) are depicted in the upper part of the diagram. The lower part of the diagram depicts the names by which those entities are known, the identifiers assigned to the entities, and the controlled access points based on those names and identifiers that are registered as authority data. The diagram also highlights two entities that are instrumental in determining the content and form of access points rules and agency. It is essential to note that the entities depicted in the upper part of the diagram (person, family, corporate body, work, expression, manifestation, item, concept, object, event, and place) are bibliographic entities. As such, they reflect intellectual constructs or concepts that are integral to the rules used to create library catalogues, and what is perceived as a specific instance of a particular entity type may vary from one set of rules to another. Under some cataloguing rules, for example, authors are uniformly viewed as real individuals, and consequently specific instances of the bibliographic entity person always correspond to individuals. Under other cataloguing rules, however, authors may be viewed in certain circumstances as establishing more than one bibliographic identity, and in that case a specific 4

11 instance of the bibliographic entity person may correspond to a persona adopted by an individual rather than to the individual per se. Similarly, most cataloguing rules require the establishment of a new authorized form for a corporate body each time the body changes its name. In those cases, each specific instance of the bibliographic entity corporate body corresponds to the associated body only in relation to the period of time during which the body used that particular name. Consequently, the body as such (e.g., a legally incorporated enterprise, a government agency, a musical group) may be viewed as two or more instances of the bibliographic entity corporate body. Rules for the construction of subject terms, on the other hand, may require the creation of a single authorized form to represent the body throughout the course of its existence. In that case, the specific instance of the bibliographic entity corporate body corresponds to the body per se. Likewise, cataloguing rules may vary with respect to the treatment of works, expressions, manifestations, and items. The boundaries of a specific instance of the bibliographic entity work as defined by one set of cataloguing rules may differ from those defined by another set of rules. Hence, the two resulting instances of the bibliographic entity work may not be directly equivalent. Similarly, the application of one set of cataloguing rules may result in the recognition of a specific instance of the bibliographic entity expression that is not precisely the same as that recognized by the application of a different set of rules, etc. Cataloguing rules and coding conventions may also differ in their treatment of fictional characters, supernatural or legendary beings, imaginary places, etc. In some cases, those entities will be viewed as persons, families, places, etc., but in other cases, they will be viewed as concepts. Similarly, certain events (ad hoc meetings, sporting events, etc.) may be viewed as corporate bodies under one set of cataloguing rules but simply as events under another set of rules. Relationships between entities: The relationships depicted in the diagram (Figure 2) reflect the inherent associations between the various entity types. The lines and arrows connecting the entities in the upper part of the diagram with those in the lower part represent the relationships between name and identifier and the bibliographic entities with which they are associated (person, family, corporate body, work, expression, manifestation, item, concept, object, event, and place). A specific instance of any of those bibliographic entities may be known by one or more names ( has appellation relationship), and conversely any name may be associated with one or more specific instance of any of the bibliographic entities ( is appellation of relationship). Similarly, a specific instance of any one of the bibliographic entities may be assigned one or more identifiers ( is assigned relationship), but an identifier may be assigned to only one specific instance of a bibliographic entity ( is assigned to relationship). It should be noted that the diagram (Figure 2) also depicts a relationship ( is associated with relationship) that may apply between a person, a family, or a corporate body, on the one hand, and a work, expression, manifestation, or item on the other hand. The entity-relationship diagram in FRBR reflects the high-level relationships between entities work, expression, manifestation, and item (a work is realized through expression, etc.). It also depicts a number of specific relationships between person and corporate body, on the one hand, and work, expression, manifestation, and item on the other hand (a work may be created by a person, etc.). Those same relationships are conceptually valid for the FRBR entities that are represented in the conceptual model for authorities. The relationships depicted in the lower part of the diagram (Figure 2) represent the associations between the entities name and identifier and the formal or structural entity controlled access point, and the association between that entity and the entities rules and agency. A specific name or identifier may be the basis for a controlled access point ( is basis for relationship), and conversely a controlled access point may be based on a name or identifier ( is based on relationship). 5

12 A controlled access point may be based on a combination of two names and/or identifiers, as in the case of a creator/title access point representing a work that combines the name of the author with the name (i.e., the title) of the work. The controlled access point will be centred on an instance of the work entity. However, in order to function effectively, the access point will need to reflect the relationship of that work not only to instances of the name entity (i.e., to the various titles by which the work is known) but its relationship to instances of the other entities depicted in the upper part of the diagram as well (most notably the person, family, or corporate body responsible for the work). The result is a creator/title access point. Controlled access points may be governed by rules ( is governed by/govern relationships), and those rules in turn may be applied by one or more agencies ( are applied by/applies relationships). Likewise, controlled access points may be created by, or modified by one or more agencies ( is created by/creates and is modified by/modifies relationships). These relationships are further described in section 5.2. Relationships between instances of an entity: Other types of relationships that may operate between a specific instance of one bibliographic entity type and a specific instance of either the same or a different bibliographic entity type (e.g., a collaborative relationship between two specific persons or a membership relationship between a person and a corporate body) are not shown in the entity-relationship diagram. Relationships of that kind are discussed in section 5.3. Other types of relationships that may operate between specific instances of the entities depicted in the upper part of the diagram (person, family, corporate body, work, expression, manifestation, item, concept, object, event, and place) and specific instances of the entity name are discussed in section 5.4. Other types of relationships that may operate between specific instances of the entity controlled access point (e.g., a parallel language or alternate script relationship between two specific access points) are not shown in the entity-relationship diagram. Relationships of that kind are discussed in section 5.5. Relationships versus attributes: For the purposes of this study, certain types of association between a specific instance of one entity type and a specific instance of another entity type are treated simply as an attribute of the first entity. For example, in the case of an association between a corporate body and a place associated with the body that is implicit in the construction of a controlled access point for that body, it was deemed sufficient to treat the place associated with the body simply as an attribute of corporate body. That does not preclude the possibility of developing the model further in order to reflect that type of association more formally as a relationship between the two entities. 6

13 PERSON BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTITIES FAMILY CORPORATE BODY WORK is associated with is associated with EXPRESSION MANIFESTATION CONCEPT ITEM OBJECT EVENT PLACE has appellation is appellation of is assigned is assigned to NAME IDENTIFIER is based on is basis for CONTROLLED ACCESS POINT is governed by govern RULES is created/modified by creates/modifies are applied by applies AGENCY Figure 2: Conceptual Model for Authority Data 7

14 3.4 Entity Definitions The entity definitions have been derived largely from two sources: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR); and Guidelines for Authority Records and References (GARR). Each definition is followed by examples of instances of that entity; these lists are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. As an aid to relating the entities and their definitions, readers may wish to make a copy of Figure 2 and refer to it when reading the following definitions. Person An individual or a persona or identity established or adopted by an individual or group. [FRBR, modified] Includes real individuals. Includes personas or identities established or adopted by an individual through the use of more than one name (e.g., the individual s real name and/or one or more pseudonyms). Includes personas or identities established or adopted jointly by two or more individuals (e.g., Ellery Queen joint pseudonym of Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee). Includes literary figures, legendary figures, divinities, and named animals as literary figures, actors, and performers. Includes personas or identities established or adopted by a group (e.g., Betty Crocker). Includes appellations established by research (e.g., Bedford Meister, Meister E.S.) May include clusters of individuals who bear the same name, whenever it is not possible to establish a differentiated identity for each individual within the cluster. Note: Cataloguing rules vary in their treatment of personas (i.e., bibliographic identities) established or adopted by the same individual. Some cataloguing rules recognize pseudonyms used by an individual as separate personas and an authorized form will be established for each persona with see also references connecting the resulting authorized forms of names for those personas. Other cataloguing rules recognize only one persona for an individual and the pseudonyms used by the person; one persona is the authorized form and the names of other personas are treated as variant forms of name for the individual. Family Two or more persons related by birth, marriage, adoption, civil union, or similar legal status, or who otherwise present themselves as a family. Includes royal families, dynasties, houses of nobility, etc. Includes patriarchies and matriarchies. 8

15 Includes groups of individuals sharing a common ancestral lineage. Includes family units (parents, children, grandchildren, etc.). Includes the successive holders of a title in a house of nobility, viewed collectively (e.g., Dukes of Norfolk). Corporate Body An organization or group of persons and/or organizations identified by a particular name acting as a unit. [FRBR, modified] Includes occasional groups and groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc. Includes musical performing groups, groups of visual artists, and dance companies producing collective work. Includes organizations that act as territorial authorities, exercising or claiming to exercise government functions over a certain territory, such as a federation, a state, a region, a local municipality. Includes organizations and groups that are defunct as well as those that continue to operate. Includes fictitious organizations or groups of persons. Note: Cataloguing rules may differ with respect to the treatment of meetings, etc., depending on whether or not they are formally convened at a pre-determined date, whether or not they result in the issuance of a publication, etc. In some instances they may be treated as corporate bodies when they act as a group, but in other instances they may be treated simply as events (see also the entity definition for event). Note: Cataloguing rules generally treat distinctive identities of corporate bodies established through usage of different names over time as though they represented different but related corporate bodies. Work A distinct intellectual or artistic creation (i.e., the intellectual or artistic content). [FRBR, as modified in the ICP Glossary 4 ] Includes works that are expressed in words, musical works, graphic works, photographic works, moving image works, cartographic works, three-dimensional works, data, computer programs, etc. Includes legal works (laws, regulations, constitutions, treaties, court rules, court decisions, etc.), religious works (sacred scriptures, creeds, liturgical works, papal communications, etc.). Includes collections and compilations of works, as well as individual works. Includes component works (e.g., articles published in an issue of a 9

16 periodical or the panels of an altarpiece). Note: The concept of what constitutes a work and where the line of demarcation lies between one work and another may differ from one culture to another, from one discipline to another or from one cataloguing agency to another. Consequently, bibliographic conventions established by various cultures, national groups, or cataloguing agencies may differ with respect to the criteria they use for determining the boundaries between one work and another. The specifics of cataloguing rules may also have a bearing on what is recognized as a work. Expression The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alphanumeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms. [FRBR] Includes the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc., that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text (e.g., through translation). Includes the particular notes, phrasing, etc., resulting from the realization of a musical work (e.g., through performance). Includes the specific sequences of moving images, combined with sounds or not, that are available in a given version of a cinematic work. Excludes aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, unless they are integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work as such. Note: The degree to which bibliographic distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the work itself, and on the anticipated needs of users. Variations that would be evident only from a detailed analysis and comparison of expressions would normally be reflected in authority data only if the nature or stature of the work warranted such analysis, and only if it was anticipated that the distinction would be important to users. Note: Controlled access points incorporating additions that reflect attributes of an expression (e.g., language of expression, form of expression) normally serve to collocate related expressions of the work as distinct from differentiating between individual expressions of the work. Manifestation The physical embodiment of an expression of a work. [FRBR] Includes manifestations in the form of books, periodicals, maps, posters, sound recordings, films, video recordings, DVDs, CD-ROMs, multimedia kits, PDF files, MP3 files, etc. Note: If the physical embodiment of an expression of a work involves the production of only a single artifact (e.g., an author s manuscript or an original oil painting), the manifestation comprises only that single 10

17 artifact. However, if the embodiment involves the production of multiple copies (e.g., in the publication of a book or the commercial production of a sound recording) the manifestation encompasses the entire set of physical copies produced. In the latter case, the entity described for cataloguing purposes is, in effect, an abstraction derived from characteristics of a single copy that are presumed to be shared by all copies in the set that comprises the manifestation. Item A single exemplar of a manifestation. [FRBR] Includes items comprising a single physical object (one volume, cassette, etc.). Includes items comprising more than one physical object (two or more volumes, compact discs, etc.) and electronic resources on the Web in multiple files. Concept An abstract notion or idea. [FRBR] Includes fields of knowledge, disciplines, schools of thought (philosophies, religions, political ideologies, etc.), etc. Includes theories, processes, techniques, practices, etc. Note: The entity, Concept, is defined as in FRBR without any extensions or clarification pending the work of the FRSAR Working Group. Note: For the purposes of this study, entities that are categorized as concepts are relevant only in the context of subject authority data. Object A material thing. [FRBR] Includes animate and inanimate objects occurring in nature. Includes fixed, movable, and moving objects that are the product of human creation. Includes objects that no longer exist. Note: The entity, Object, is defined as in FRBR without any extensions or clarification pending the work of the FRSAR Working Group. Note: For the purposes of this study, entities that are categorized as objects are relevant only in the context of subject authority data. Event An action or occurrence. [FRBR] Includes historical events, epochs, periods of time. Note: The entity, Event, is defined as in FRBR without any extensions or clarification pending the work of the FRSAR Working Group. 11

18 Note: Cataloguing rules may differ with respect to the treatment of meetings, etc. In some instances they may be treated simply as events, but in other instances they may be treated as corporate bodies (see also the entity definition for corporate body). Note: For the purposes of this study, entities that are categorized as events but do not function as corporate bodies are relevant only in the context of subject authority data. Place A location. [FRBR] Includes terrestrial and extra-terrestrial locations. Includes historical as well as contemporary locations. Includes geographic features. Includes geo-political jurisdictions Note: The entity, Place, is defined as in FRBR without any extensions or clarification pending the work of the FRSAR Working Group. Name A character, word, or group of words and/or characters by which an entity is known. [FRBR, modified] Includes names by which persons, families, and corporate bodies are known. Includes titles by which works, expressions, and manifestations are known. Includes names and terms by which concepts, objects, events, and places are known. Includes real names, pseudonyms, religious names, initials, and separate letters, numerals, or symbols. Includes forenames (or given names), matronymics, patronymics, family names (or surnames), dynastic names, etc. Includes given names of sovereigns, popes, etc., with associated roman numerals. Includes names of families, clans, dynasties, houses of nobility, etc. Includes names representing the successive holders of a title in houses of nobility, etc., viewed collectively (e.g., Dukes of Norfolk). Includes names used by a corporate body at various periods in its history. Includes names of associations, institutions, business firms, not-forprofit enterprises, etc. 12

19 Includes names of governments, government agencies, projects, programmes, government officials, delegations, legislative bodies, armed forces, etc. Includes names of religious bodies, local churches, etc., religious councils, religious officials, provinces, dioceses, synods, etc., papal diplomatic missions, etc. Includes names of conferences, congresses, meetings, etc. Includes names of exhibitions, athletic contests, expeditions, fairs, festivals, etc. Includes names of subordinate and related bodies. Includes numbers that form an integral part of the name of a corporate body or event. Includes trade names. Includes titles of content, parts of content, compilations of content, etc. Includes titles by which a work has become known. Includes the title proper of the original manifestation of a work. Includes titles by which a work is identified in reference sources. Includes titles under which a work has been published. Includes titles by which manifestations of an expression have become known. Includes the title proper of the original manifestation of an expression. Includes titles by which manifestations of an expression are identified in reference sources. Includes titles under which manifestations of an expression have been published. Includes the title proper of the original edition of a manifestation. Includes titles by which a manifestation is identified in reference sources. Includes variant titles appearing on or in a manifestation. Includes names and terms for events, objects, concepts, and places. Note: Cataloguing rules may mandate the use of a place name to represent both the geographic territory per se and the government that has jurisdiction over that territory (e.g., the use of the name Massachusetts to represent both the territory covered by the state and the government of the state, the official name of which is The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.) 13

20 Note: Cataloguing rules may differ with respect to the elements they consider as integral parts of the name as distinct from elements they consider as additions to the name for the purposes of constructing controlled access points. Identifier A number, code, word, phrase, logo, device, etc., that is associated with an entity, and serves to differentiate that entity from other entities within the domain in which the identifier is assigned. An identifier can consist of an identifier string (i.e., a sequence of numeric and/or alphabetic characters assigned to an entity to serve as a unique identifier within the domain to which the identifier is assigned) and a prefix and/or suffix (a character or set of characters (numeric and/or alphabetic) appearing before or after an identifier string). Includes identifiers such as social insurance numbers assigned by a government authority. Includes personal identifiers assigned by other registration authorities. Includes business registration numbers, registration numbers for charitable organizations, etc., assigned by a government authority. Includes corporate body identifiers assigned by other registration authorities (e.g., ISBN publisher s prefix). Includes standard identifiers assigned by registration authorities identifying content (e.g., ISRC, ISWC, ISAN). Includes standard identifiers assigned by registration authorities identifying manifestations (e.g., ISBN, ISSN). Includes thematic index numbers assigned to a musical work by the publisher, or a musicologist. Includes catalogue raisonné numbers. Includes identifiers for items assigned by repositories (e.g., shelf number). Includes classification numbers referencing specific entities (e.g., a classification number assigned to a particular painting). Includes registered trademarks. Note: Some of these identifiers may be included in authority data but kept confidential for reasons of privacy. Note: These identifiers are limited to those associated with entities and do not include record numbers assigned to authority records. Controlled Access Point A name, term, code, etc., under which a bibliographic or authority record or reference will be found. [GARR, modified] Includes access points designated as authorized (or preferred) forms 14

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