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  • Living History (book by Clinton)

    ...U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan but grew highly critical of Pres. George W. Bush’s handling of the Iraq War. In 2003 Hillary’s much-anticipated memoir of her White House years, Living History, was published and set sales records; she had received an advance of about $8 million for the book. In 2006 she was easily reelected to the Senate....

  • Living Idol, The (film by Lewin [1957])

    ...Saadia (1953), a romance set in Morocco that featured Cornel Wilde, Mel Ferrer, and Rita Gam. In 1957 Lewin directed (with René Cardona) his final film, The Living Idol, about an archaeologist (James Robertson Justice) who believes that a young Mexican woman (Liliane Montevecchi) is the reincarnation of an Aztec who was sacrificed to jaguars....

  • Living in a Big Way (film by La Cava [1947])

    ...and Lady in a Jam (1942); both, however, were disappointments. After a five-year absence, La Cava returned to the big screen with his last credited film, Living in a Big Way (1947). The laboured musical, which starred Gene Kelly and featured a script by La Cava, ran over budget and failed at the box office....

  • Living in Oblivion (film by DiCillo [1995])

    ...productions while working at a variety of day jobs to support himself. He refused to accept parts that typecast him because of his height, and in his first big-screen role, the independent film Living in Oblivion (1995), Dinklage delivers a scathing indictment of Hollywood’s treatment of dwarfs....

  • living instrument (international law)

    ...or purpose-oriented approach is used in order to assist the organization in coping with change. A purpose-oriented approach also has been deemed appropriate for what have been described as “living instruments,” such as human rights treaties that establish an implementation system; in the case of the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950, this approach has allowed the......

  • Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters, A (work by Simon)

    A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters (2011) focused on what Simon termed “bloodlines.” The project was organized in discrete sections; the centerpiece of each was a portrait of one person. That portrait was accompanied by images of all of the person’s living descendants and ancestors as well as attendant items of significance. Among the central......

  • Living Maritime Museum (museum, Mystic, Connecticut, United States)

    ...historic sites and buildings have been restored, the latter sometimes being used as museums. This has led to the development of historic and natural landscapes as museums, such as the renovation of Mystic Seaport in Connecticut as a maritime museum, the use of Ironbridge Gorge as a museum to interpret the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in England, and the restoration of the walled medieval...

  • Living My Life (work by Goldman)

    ...who justified acts of terrorism on anarchist principles; Alexander Berkman, who attempted to assassinate steel magnate Henry Clay Frick in 1892; and Emma Goldman, whose Living My Life gives a picture of radical activity in the United States at the turn of the century. Goldman, who had immigrated to the United States from tsarist Russia in 1885, soon became a......

  • Living Newspaper (theatrical production)

    theatrical production consisting of dramatizations of current events, social problems, and controversial issues, with appropriate suggestions for improvement. The technique was used for propaganda in the U.S.S.R. from the time of the Revolution in 1917. It became part of the Epic theatre tradition initiated by Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht in Germany in the 1920s. The Living Newspaper was ini...

  • Living on Velvet (film by Borzage [1935])

    ...with Warner Brothers. He began his three-year tenure there with Flirtation Walk (1934), a Dick Powell–Ruby Keeler musical set at West Point. In Living on Velvet (1935), George Brent played a guilt-racked pilot who was responsible for the deaths of his family in a plane crash, and Kay Francis played the socialite who helps him face up......

  • living picture (theatre)

    ...or dominion would do so with a large entourage in full pomp and heraldic dress. These entrances included a series of stops at stages placed at various intervals en route. Tableaux vivant and mimes were performed in costumes similar to those worn in the mystery and morality plays. With the gradual decline of church power and the revival of Classical ideas,.....

  • Living Relic, A (work by Turgenev)

    ...the sentiment for reform that led eventually to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He added to the Sketches during the 1870s, including the moving study of the paralyzed Lukeriya in “A Living Relic” (1874)....

  • living, standard of

    in social science, the aspirations of an individual or group for goods and services. Alternatively, the term is applied specifically to a measure of the consumption of goods and services by an individual or group, sometimes called “level of living” (what is) as opposed to “standard” (what is desired). Both include privately purchased items as well as items that lead to an increased sense of well-b...

  • living standards

    in social science, the aspirations of an individual or group for goods and services. Alternatively, the term is applied specifically to a measure of the consumption of goods and services by an individual or group, sometimes called “level of living” (what is) as opposed to “standard” (what is desired). Both include privately purchased items as well as items that lead to an increased sense of well-b...

  • living stone (plant)

    (genus Lithops) any of a group of about 40 species of succulent plants of the carpetweed family (Aizoaceae), native to southern Africa. The plants are virtually stemless, the thickened leaves being more or less buried in the soil with only the tips visible. Two leaves grow during each rainy season and form a fleshy, roundish structure that is slit across the top. Flowers grow betwe...

  • Living Stream Ministry (religious publication)

    ...eventually reaching the United States. There it attracted members from Chinese American communities and later from the general population. In 1962 Lee moved to California, where he established Living Stream Ministry, the publishing arm of the movement, to facilitate his own writing and teaching activity and through which he offered guidance to the movement’s otherwise autonomous......

  • Living, The (work by Dillard)

    Dillard published an autobiographical narrative, An American Childhood, in 1987. When her first novel, The Living, appeared in 1992, reviewers found in its depictions of the logging culture of the turn-of-the-20th-century Pacific Northwest the same visionary realism that distinguished the author’s nonfiction. The Annie Dillard Reader was published in 1994 and Mornings......

  • Living Theatre, The (American theatrical company)

    theatrical repertory company founded in New York City in 1947 by Julian Beck and Judith Malina. It is known for its innovative production of experimental drama, often on radical themes, and for its confrontations with tradition, authority, and sometimes audiences....

  • living things

    ...carbon atoms provide the key structural framework that generates the vast diversity of organic compounds. All things on the Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the universe) that can be described as living have a crucial dependence on organic compounds. Foodstuffs—namely, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates—are organic compounds, as are such vital substances as hemoglobin, chlorophyll,......

  • living trust (law)

    Trust services for individuals tend to centre on the administration of estates. Other personal trust work of trust companies is concerned chiefly with living trusts and testamentary trusts. Any person during his lifetime may convey property in trust to a trust company with instructions as to the disposal of the income from the property and eventually of the property itself. Such living trusts......

  • living will (law)

    document in which an individual specifies medical measures to be taken or withheld in the event that one becomes disabled. Advances in medical technology now allow the body to be kept alive in circumstances that would normally result in death (e.g., inability to eat, breathe, or maintain the heartbeat), but many people do not want to be kept alive if there is no chance of recovery. Because it is i...

  • Living with War (album by Young)

    ...jingoistic, such as Toby Keith’s “Courtesy of the Red, White, and Blue (The Angry American)” and Darryl Worley’s “Have You Forgotten?” In 2006, though, Neil Young released Living with War, an album that included musical diatribes including “Shock and Awe,” an impassioned cry for peace in Iraq, and “Let’s Impeach the President.” In an......

  • living-rock cactus (plant)

    any of the six species composing the genus Ariocarpus, family Cactaceae, and especially A. fissuratus. The members of the genus almost entirely lack spines but are covered by woolly hairs. They are native to Texas and Mexico and live on limestone-rich soil....

  • Livings, Henry (British author)

    British working-class playwright whose farces convey serious truths. His plays, which resemble parables, exhibit both a dazzling comic flair and an unexpected force and profundity that is heightened by his use of colloquial language....

  • Livingston (Scotland, United Kingdom)

    “new town,” West Lothian council area, southeastern Scotland, on the Glasgow-Edinburgh motorway (superhighway). Livingston lies mainly within the historic county of West Lothian, but the part of the town south of the River Almond belongs to the historic county of Midlothian. Livingston was designated a new town in 1962 with the dual purpose of accommodating po...

  • Livingston (county, New York, United States)

    county, western New York state, U.S. The terrain rises from a lowland region in the north to rolling hills in the south. The Genesee River flows through the western part of the county. Lakes include Conesus and Hemlock. Among the parklands is Letchworth State Park, where the Genesee has carved a gorge known as the “Grand Canyon of the East.” Forests consist of...

  • Livingston (Montana, United States)

    city, seat (1887) of Park county, south-central Montana, U.S. It lies about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Bozeman near the Yellowstone River. The city is surrounded by divisions of the Gallatin National Forest. Originally called Clark’s City, it was founded in 1882 as a division headquarters of the Northern Pacific Railway...

  • Livingston, Edward (American politician)

    American lawyer, legislator, and statesman, who codified criminal law and procedure....

  • Livingston, Henry Brockholst (United States jurist)

    associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1806 to 1823....

  • Livingston, Jay (American songwriter)

    March 28, 1915McDonald, Pa.Oct. 17, 2001Los Angeles, Calif.American songwriter who , in collaboration with Ray Evans, created songs for some 80 motion pictures, including three songs that won Academy Awards—“Buttons and Bows” from the Bob Hope western comedy The Paleface (1948); “Mon...

  • Livingston, M. Stanley (American physicist)

    ...charged atomic or subatomic particles in a constant magnetic field. The first particle accelerator of this type was developed in the early 1930s by the American physicists Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston. A cyclotron consists of two hollow semicircular electrodes, called dees, mounted back to back, separated by a narrow gap, in an evacuated chamber between the poles of a magnet.......

  • Livingston, Neville O’Reilly (Jamaican musician)

    ...vocal group in Trench Town with friends who would later be known as Peter Tosh (original name Winston Hubert MacIntosh) and Bunny Wailer (original name Neville O’Reilly Livingston; b. April 10, 1947Kingston). The trio, whic...

  • Livingston, Robert (American politician and merchant)

    early American landowner, politician, and merchant who founded the prominent Livingston family of New York state and laid the basis of his family’s material fortune....

  • Livingston, Robert R. (United States statesman)

    early American leader who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, first secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (1781–83), and minister to France (1801–04)....

  • Livingston, William (United States statesman)

    first Revolutionary governor of New Jersey....

  • Livingstone (Zambia)

    town, extreme southern Zambia. It lies on the northern bank of the Zambezi River at the Zimbabwe border, just north of Victoria Falls....

  • Livingstone, David (Scottish explorer and missionary)

    Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence upon Western attitudes toward Africa....

  • Livingstone, Douglas (South African poet)

    ...African experience, as in “Lament for a Dead Cow” (Collected Poems [1957]). Sydney Clouts was another important poet who came to prominence after World War II, but it was Douglas Livingstone who became the leading English-language poet of the latter 20th century. He emerged in the 1960s with his powerful descriptions of African landscapes and animals, but his poetry......

  • Livingstone Falls (waterfalls, Africa)

    series of 32 rapids and cataracts on the Congo River, extending for about 220 miles (354 km) between Kinshasa and Matadi in Congo (Kinshasa) and partially along the border with Congo (Brazzaville). The total drop of the falls is about 850 feet (260 m), despite only minor rapids over an 87-mile (140-kilometre) stretch to Isangila. The falls, beginning 100 miles (160 km) inland from the coast, preve...

  • Livingstone, Ken (British politician)

    British politician, who made constitutional history on May 4, 2000, when he was elected mayor of London—the first time that British voters had directly elected a candidate to an executive office at any level of government. He served as mayor until May 2008....

  • Livingstone, Kenneth Robert (British politician)

    British politician, who made constitutional history on May 4, 2000, when he was elected mayor of London—the first time that British voters had directly elected a candidate to an executive office at any level of government. He served as mayor until May 2008....

  • Livingstone Mountains (mountains, Tanzania)

    ...in size among the East African lakes, has the same characteristics as Lake Tanganyika but in less-extreme form. It is deepest in the north (2,310 feet [704 metres]), where on the Tanzanian side the Livingstone Mountains rise precipitously from the lake surface. In the northwest, however, there is a well-defined alluvial plain. From the east come the waters of the Ruhuhu River, and numerous......

  • Livingstone Museum (museum, Livingstone, Zambia)

    ...to other nearby attractions, including Lake Kariba, Livingstone Game Park, and Kafue and Hwange national parks. A small hydroelectric power station is located on Zambia’s side of Victoria Falls. The Livingstone Museum has a collection of ethnological, archaeological, and historical exhibits, including those related to the 19th-century Scottish explorer-missionary David Livingstone, for whom the...

  • Livingstone, Sir Richard Winn (British scholar)

    classical scholar and university administrator who championed the classical liberal arts curriculum....

  • Livingstone’s eland (mammal)

    ...the kudus. The giant, or Derby, eland (Taurotragus derbianus) inhabits woodlands filled with the broad-leaved doka tree in the northern savanna from Senegal to the Nile River. The common, or Cape, eland (T. oryx) ranges over the woodlands, plains, mountains, and subdeserts of eastern and southern Africa. The eland is the largest of all antelopes....

  • Livistona (plant genus)

    ...plants. By the beginning of the Eocene Epoch, nearly 56 million years ago, palms were widespread and abundant. A diversity of genera, including Phoenix, Sabal, Serenoa, Livistona, Trachycarpus, and Oncosperma, existed in the United States, Canada, India, Europe, and China, many in places where palms do not occur today. These genera include members of......

  • Livistona eastonii (plant)

    ...Some palms have very long lives; life spans of 50 to 100 years are common. In the Seychelles, specimens of the double coconut, Lodoicea maldivica, have lived for up to 350 years, and Livistona eastonii in Australia has lived to be as old as 720 years....

  • Livius Andronicus, Lucius (Roman author)

    founder of Roman epic poetry and drama....

  • Livius Johanis le Vieux (Dutch painter)

    versatile painter and printmaker whose style derived from both the Dutch and Flemish schools of Baroque art....

  • Livius, Titus (Roman historian)

    with Sallust and Tacitus, one of the three great Roman historians. His history of Rome became a classic in his own lifetime and exercised a profound influence on the style and philosophy of historical writing down to the 18th century....

  • Livland (historical region, Europe)

    lands on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, north of Lithuania; the name was originally applied by Germans in the 12th century to the area inhabited by the Livs, a Finno-Ugric people whose settlements centred on the mouths of the Western Dvina and Gauja rivers, but eventually it was used to refer to nearly all of modern Latvia and Estonia. During the 13th century greater Livonia, which was inhab...

  • Livni, Tzipi (Israeli politician)

    Israeli politician who served as minister of foreign affairs (2006–09) and minister of justice (2013–2014). She was also the leader of the Kadima party (2008–12)....

  • Livni, Tziporah Malka (Israeli politician)

    Israeli politician who served as minister of foreign affairs (2006–09) and minister of justice (2013–2014). She was also the leader of the Kadima party (2008–12)....

  • Livonia (historical region, Europe)

    lands on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, north of Lithuania; the name was originally applied by Germans in the 12th century to the area inhabited by the Livs, a Finno-Ugric people whose settlements centred on the mouths of the Western Dvina and Gauja rivers, but eventually it was used to refer to nearly all of modern Latvia and Estonia. During the 13th century greater Livonia, which was inhab...

  • Livonia (Michigan, United States)

    city, Wayne county, southeastern Michigan, U.S. It is a western suburb of Detroit. It originated in 1834 as Livonia township (named for Livonia, N.Y.) and was primarily a farming community for more than a century. After World War II it rapidly experienced planned industrial and residential growth. Automobile parts form the bulk of local manufactures. Livonia i...

  • Livonia, Confederation of (European history)

    The internal strength of the Confederation of Livonia diminished during the 16th century, though trade with Russia by the Hanseatic League (an organization of German merchants) brought prosperity to the towns. The Reformation rendered the ecclesiastical states anachronisms. The Confederation was unable to withstand the onslaughts of the Russian tsar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), who in 1558 had......

  • Livonian (people)

    During the early Middle Ages the Finno-Ugrians who subsequently became Estonians lived in eight recognizable independent districts and four lesser ones. Their kinsmen, the Livs, inhabited four major areas in northern Latvia and northern Courland. The western Balts were divided into at least eight recognizable groupings. The westernmost, the Prussians, formed 10 principalities in what......

  • Livonian Highland (region, Latvia)

    plateau region of central Latvia, roughly corresponding to the historic state of Livonia. It is a hilly, irregular, partially terraced morainic area, dotted with many small morainal lakes. It reaches an elevation of 1,020 feet (311 m) at Mount Gaiziņš and is drained to the west by the Gauja River, which flows into the Gulf of Riga about 12 miles (20 km) north of Riga after a course of 286 miles (4...

  • Livonian Knights (German organization of knights)

    organization of crusading knights that began the successful conquest and Christianization of Livonia (most of modern Latvia and Estonia) between 1202 and 1237....

  • Livonian language

    ...Khanty (Ostyak). The Finnic division of Finno-Ugric languages is composed of five groups. The Baltic-Finnic group consists of Finnish, Estonian, Karelian (including Olonets), Ludic, Veps, Ingrian, Livonian, and Votic. The Permic group consists of Komi (Zyryan), Permyak, and Udmurt (Votyak). The three remaining groups are the individual languages Mari (formerly Cheremis), Mordvin, and Sami......

  • Livonian Order (German organization of knights)

    organization of crusading knights that began the successful conquest and Christianization of Livonia (most of modern Latvia and Estonia) between 1202 and 1237....

  • Livonian War (Russian history)

    (1558–83), prolonged military conflict, during which Russia unsuccessfully fought Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden for control of greater Livonia—the area including Estonia, Livonia, Courland, and the island of Oesel—which was ruled by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights (Order of the Brothers of the Sword)....

  • Livorno (Italy)

    city, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, central Italy. It lies on the Ligurian Sea at the western edge of a cultivated coastal plain and is enclosed east and south by a circle of low hills, the Livornesi Hills....

  • Livourne (Italy)

    city, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, central Italy. It lies on the Ligurian Sea at the western edge of a cultivated coastal plain and is enclosed east and south by a circle of low hills, the Livornesi Hills....

  • “Livre au Roi” (legal code of Jerusalem-Acre)

    ...the throne of Jerusalem-Acre, and in 1198 he married the thrice-widowed Isabel. He chose, however, to govern his two domains separately, and in Acre he proved to be an excellent administrator. The Livre au Roi (Book of the King), an important section of the Assizes of Jerusalem, dates from his reign. He also dealt wisely with Saladin’s brother, al-ʿĀdil of Egypt. On Amalric’s death......

  • Livre d’amour (work by Sainte-Beuve)

    ...lasting but seemingly platonic relationship of great intensity. Many of the details of this shadowy affair are more or less accurately related in the critic’s privately printed volume of lyrics, Livre d’amour (1904), which was, however, not published in the lifetime of either of them....

  • Livre d’architecture (work by Boffrand)

    Boffrand, best known for his Livre d’architecture… (1745; “Book of Architecture”), was instrumental in spreading French taste across 18th-century Europe. He was responsible for a multitude of works, great and small, including plans for the new palace of Nantes and construction of the great altar for Nantes cathedral. He also built several private houses in Nantes and......

  • Livre de la Chasse (work by Gaston III)

    ...and powerful domains in France. A handsome man (hence the surname Phoebus), his court in southern France was famous for its luxury. His passion for hunting led him to write the treatise Livre de la chasse (“Book of the Hunt”). It was translated into English by Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, as the bulk of the first English book on hunting, The Master......

  • “Livre de la cité des dames, Le” (work by Christine de Pisan)

    prose work by Christine de Pisan, published in 1405 as Le Livre de la cité des dames. Written in praise of women and as a defense of their capabilities and virtues, the work is a significant feminist argument against the misogynist male writing of the day. It was based in part on Giovanni Boccaccio’s De claris mulieribus (1360–...

  • “Livre de Prométhéa, Le” (work by Cixous)

    ...Door at the Back of the Room”), appeared in 1988. Hélène Cixous’s feminist classic, Le Livre de Prométhéa (1983; The Book of Promethea)—learned, funny, sparkling, and innovative—achieved its writer’s ambition to make a distinctive model of the desiring feminine subject, within but not......

  • “Livre de toutes sortes de fleurs d’après nature, Le” (work by Monnoyer)

    ...XIV period (1643–1715) is best exemplified in the flower engravings of Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer. The plates for his famous portfolio Le Livre de toutes sortes de fleurs d’après nature (Book of All Kinds of Flowers from Nature) accurately portray flowers from a horticultural standpoint and at the same time show prototypes of display. These floral arrangements are freer and more......

  • Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, Le (work by Christine de Pisan)

    ...(1405), told in an allegorical manner, was a reply to her detractors. At the request of the regent, Philip the Bold of Burgundy, Christine wrote the life of the deceased king, Charles—Le Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V (1404; “Book of the Deeds and Good Morals of the Wise King Charles V”), a firsthand picture of Charles V and his court. Her......

  • Livre des quatre dames (work by Chartier)

    ...to 1430, is distinguished by its variety of subject matter and form. Chartier was a poet, orator, historian, moralist, and pamphleteer who wrote in Latin and French. His earliest-known poem, the Livre des quatre dames (1415 or 1416; “Book of the Four Ladies”), is a discussion between four ladies who have lost their lovers at the Battle of Agincourt. The same technique is used......

  • Livre des trois vertus, Le (work by Christine de Pisan)

    Christine’s prose works include Le Livre de la cité des dames (1405; The Book of the City of Ladies), in which she wrote of women known for their heroism and virtue, and Le Livre des trois vertus (1405; “Book of Three Virtues”), a sequel comprising a classification of women’s roles in medieval society and a collection of moral instructions for women in......

  • “Livre du rire et de l’oubli, Le” (novel by Kundera)

    novel by Milan Kundera, written in Czech as Kniha smíchu a zapomnění but originally published in French as Le Livre du rire et de l’oubli (1979). The political situation in the former country of Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia), where history and memory are manipulated to suit those in power, becomes a symbol for all of contem...

  • Livre du sang, Le (work by Khatibi)

    Two plays, La Mort des artistes (1964; “The Death of the Artists”) and Le Prophète voilé (1979; “The Veiled Prophet”), and a novel, Le Livre du sang (1979; “The Book of Blood”), demonstrate his theoretical approach to literature. The latter novel is a poetical search for identity inspired by the Greek myth of Orpheus. De......

  • “Livre, Le” (work by Mallarmé)

    ...an extremely subtle and complex use of all the resources of language, and Mallarmé devoted himself during the rest of his life to putting his theories into practice in what he called his Grand Oeuvre (“Great Work”), or Le Livre (“The Book”). He never came near to completing this work, however, and the few preparatory notes that have survived give......

  • livre tournois (French coin)

    ...under a canopy. During the 17th century the minting of gold francs ceased, but the name was freely applied by the French public to the new unit of exchange—the livre tournois, a gold coin subdivided into 20 sols. In 1795, to symbolize the political changes that followed the French Revolution, the republican government introduced a new franc......

  • “Livres dou trésor, Li” (work by Latini)

    ...beautifully coloured miniatures designed to help and edify the nuns in her charge. The master of Dante, Brunetto Latini, wanted to reach the Italian cultured and mercantile classes with his Li livres dou trésor (c. 1264; “Treasure Books”) and therefore used a concise and accurate style that evoked an immediate and general welcome. Gregor Reisch managed to......

  • “Livres, les enfants et les hommes, Les” (work by Hazard)

    ...south, in the tempo of development. This basic feature was first pointed out by Paul Hazard, a French critic, in Les Livres, les enfants et les hommes (Eng. trans. by Marguerite Mitchell, Books, Children and Men, 1944; 4th ed., 1960): “In the matter of literature for children the North surpasses the South by a large margin.” For Hazard, Spain had no children’s......

  • “Livro das saudades” (work by Ribeiro)

    ...chivalric and pastoral romance Livro das saudades (1554–57; “Book of Yearnings”). This prose work, better known by its opening words as Menina e moca (“Childhood and Adolescence”), is generally considered a masterpiece of Portuguese literature of the Renaissance. Innovative in its use of prose, Ribeiro’s tale......

  • Livro de linhagens (work by Pedro)

    Religious writings, brief annals of the early kings, moral tales, and books of descent formed the earliest Portuguese prose texts. The 14th-century Livro de linhagens (“Book of Genealogy”) of Pedro Afonso, count of Barcelos, constituted a landmark by going beyond genealogy to history and legend. The work contains short epic narratives, romances, and tales of......

  • “Livro do desassossego” (work by Pessoa)

    ...and Ricardo Reis, a Greek and Roman Classicist concerned with fate and destiny. Another heteronym, Bernardo Soares, was the reputed author of Livro do desassossego (The Book of Disquiet), a diary-like work of poetic fragments that Pessoa worked on through the last two decades of his life and that remained unfinished at his death. It was published together.....

  • “Livsslaven” (work by Lie)

    ...(1872; The Barque “Future,” 1879), followed. Two novels from his Naturalistic period are Livsslaven (1883; “The Life Convict,” Eng. trans.One of Life’s Slaves, 1895), which tells of the social misfortunes of a boy born out of wedlock, and Familien paa Gilje (1883; The Family at Gilje, 1920), a novel that deals with......

  • Livy (Roman historian)

    with Sallust and Tacitus, one of the three great Roman historians. His history of Rome became a classic in his own lifetime and exercised a profound influence on the style and philosophy of historical writing down to the 18th century....

  • Livyatan (Middle Eastern mythology)

    in Jewish mythology, a primordial sea serpent. Its source is in prebiblical Mesopotamian myth, especially that of the sea monster in the Ugaritic myth of Baal (see Yamm). In the Old Testament, Leviathan appears in Psalms 74:14 as a multiheaded sea serpent that is killed by God and given as food to the Hebrews in the wilderness. In Isa...

  • Liwāʾ (geographical region, Arabia)

    ...the vast salt flat of the Maṭṭi salt marsh, which runs north about 60 miles to the Persian Gulf coast. East of the Maṭṭi the oasis hamlets of Al-Jiwāʾ (Liwāʾ in the United Arab Emirates) lie among the dunes on the desert’s northeastern fringe. The largest dunes of the Rubʿ al-Khali are in the far east, where heights of more than 800......

  • Liwāʾ, Al- (Egyptian newspaper)

    ...establish a secret society that laid the foundation for what would later be the National Party (Arabic: Al-Ḥizb al-Waṭanī). In 1900 he founded the daily Al-Liwāʾ (“The Standard”) to put forth the group’s views. Realizing that independence would be difficult to obtain, he looked to France, which he saw as the symbol of......

  • Liwan (district, Guangzhou, China)

    The original Liwan district occupied the western part of the Old City, as well as a large island in the Pearl River to the west. It too was enlarged considerably in 2005, when it merged with Fangcun district, across the river to the southwest. The old part of the district has retained much traditional-style Chinese housing alongside a growing number of modern high-rise buildings. Liwan Park is......

  • Liwang (emperor of Zhou dynasty)

    ...worked to keep the nomads away from the Chinese areas. The changing strength of the feudal order can be seen from two occurrences at the Zhou court. In 841 bce the nobles jointly expelled Liwang, a tyrant, and replaced him with a collective leadership headed by the two most influential nobles until the crown prince was enthroned. In 771 bce the Zhou royal line was ag...

  • Liwātiyyah (people)

    ...area has long been home to significant numbers of ethnic Persians and to merchants of South Asian ancestry, some of whom also live along Al-Bāṭinah. Notable among the latter are the Liwātiyyah, who originally came from Sindh (now in Pakistan) but have lived in Oman for centuries....

  • Liwung River (river, Indonesia)

    largest city and capital of Indonesia. Jakarta lies on the northwest coast of Java at the mouth of the Ciliwung (Liwung River) where it meets Jakarta Bay (an embayment of the Java Sea). It is coextensive with the metropolitan district of Greater Jakarta (Jakarta Raya) and nearly coextensive with the daerah khusus ibukota (special capital district) of......

  • Lixbuna (national capital, Portugal)

    city, port, capital of Portugal, and the centre of the Lisbon metropolitan area. Located in western Portugal on the estuary of the Tagus (Tejo) River, it is the westernmost capital city in continental Europe and serves as the country’s chief port, largest city, and commercial, political, and tourist centre. The city’s name is a modification ...

  • Lixisol (FAO soil group)

    one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Lixisols develop on old landscapes in a tropical climate with a pronounced dry season. Their age and mineralogy have led to low levels of plant nutrients and a high erodibility, making agriculture possible only with frequent fertilizer applications, minimum tillage, and careful...

  • Lixue (Chinese philosophy)

    ...(xinxue), often called the Lu-Wang school, after its two great proponents. It was opposed to the other great (and dominant) school, the Learning of Principle (lixue), often called the Cheng-Zhu school after its leading philosophers, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi....

  • Lixus (ancient city, Morocco)

    ancient site located north of the modern seaport of Larache, Morocco, on the right bank of the Oued Loukkos (Lucus River). Originally settled by Phoenicians during the 7th century bc, it gradually grew in importance, later coming under Carthaginian domination. After the destruction of Carthage, Lixus fell to Roman control and was made an imperial colony, reaching its zenith during th...

  • Liyong, Taban lo (South Sudanese and Ugandan writer)

    South Sudanese and Ugandan author whose experimental works and provocative opinions stimulated literary controversy in East Africa....

  • Liyuan (Chinese history)

    ...dynasty, the 8th-century Chinese emperor Xuanzong (also called Minghuang) established schools in the palace city of Chang’an (Xi’an) for music, dancing, and acting. The latter school was called the Pear Garden (Liyuan); ever since, actors in China have been called “children of the pear garden” (liyuan zidi). More than a thousand young people......

  • Liza of Lambeth (novel by Maugham)

    ...Canterbury. After a year at Heidelberg, he entered St. Thomas’ medical school, London, and qualified as a doctor in 1897. He drew upon his experiences as an obstetrician in his first novel, Liza of Lambeth (1897), and its success, though small, encouraged him to abandon medicine. He traveled in Spain and Italy and in 1908 achieved a theatrical triumph—four plays running in......

  • Liza With a Z: A Concert for Television (American television special [1972])

    Fosse took a break from film for his next projects. He reteamed with Minnelli on the TV special Liza with a Z (1972), which earned him Emmy Awards for direction and choreography; the show itself also garnered an Emmy. In addition, Pippin opened on Broadway in 1972, and the following year Fosse won Tonys for best director (musical) and......

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